GI

Question 1

What is leukonychia?

Answer 1

white nail beds
- caused by low albumin
- associated with end stage liver disease

Question 2

What is koilonychia?

Answer 2

• spoon shaped nails
• middle is depressed, edges elevated
• anaemia
• Crohn’s

Question 3

What does asterixis show?

Answer 3

caused by CO2 retention or uraemia

Question 4

What does palmar erythema show?

Answer 4

• chronic liver disease

Question 5

What does pallor show?

Answer 5

• anaemia - malignancy, GI bleeding, malnutrition

Question 6

What does Dupuytren’s contracture show?

Answer 6

• excessive alcohol use

Question 7

What should you look for in the arms?

Answer 7

• needle track marks
• bruising secondary to cirrhosis
• scratch marks from pruritus

Question 8

What should you look for in the axillae?

Answer 8

• Acanthosis nigrans: darkened and thickened skin: insulin resistance, benign, GI malignancy
• hair loss: anaemia

Question 9

What is corneal arcus?

Answer 9

• hazy white, grey or blue opaque ring in the eye
• indicates high cholesterol

Question 10

What is Xanthelasma?

Answer 10

yellow raised cholesterol deposits around the eye

Question 11

How do you inspect for jaundice?

Answer 11

• look down and lift patient upper eyelid to look for yellow sclera

Question 12

Where is Virchow’s node and why is it significant?

Answer 12

• left supraclavicular fossa
• enlargement may show abdo malignancy as drainage from abdomen
• right drains from thorax so can show oesophageal cancer

Question 13

What should you look for on the chest?

Answer 13

• spider naevi
• gynecomastia