Upper GI > Gi > Flashcards

Gi Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

Length of the esophagus?

A

~25 cm (10 inches)

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3
Q

Vertebral level of esophageal commencement?

A

C6

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4
Q

Vertebral level where esophagus enters stomach?

A

T10 (esophageal hiatus)

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5
Q

Innervation of the esophagus?

A

Vagus nerves + sympathetic trunks → esophageal plexus

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6
Q

Which vagus nerve becomes anterior vagal trunk?

A

Left vagus nerve

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7
Q

Which vagus nerve becomes posterior vagal trunk?

A

Right vagus nerve

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8
Q

Anterior relations of esophagus?

A

Trachea; left recurrent laryngeal nerve; pericardium

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9
Q

Posterior relations of esophagus?

A

Vertebral bodies; thoracic duct; azygos vein; thoracic aorta

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10
Q

Left lateral relations of esophagus?

A

Aortic arch; thoracic duct; mediastinal pleura

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11
Q

Right lateral relations of esophagus?

A

Mediastinal pleura; azygos vein

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12
Q

Arterial supply of upper ⅓ of esophagus?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

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13
Q

Venous drainage of upper ⅓ of esophagus?

A

Inferior thyroid veins

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14
Q

Arterial supply of middle ⅓ of esophagus?

A

Esophageal branches of thoracic aorta

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15
Q

Venous drainage of middle ⅓ of esophagus?

A

Azygos vein

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16
Q

Arterial supply of lower ⅓ of esophagus?

A

Left gastric artery

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17
Q

Venous drainage of lower ⅓ of esophagus?

A

Left gastric vein → portal vein

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18
Q

First esophageal constriction?

A

Cricopharyngeal sphincter (UES)

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19
Q

Second esophageal constriction?

A

At aortic arch and left main bronchus

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20
Q

Third esophageal constriction?

A

At diaphragm (esophageal hiatus)

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21
Q

Clinical importance of esophageal constrictions?

A

Foreign body lodgment; carcinoma sites

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22
Q

Is there a true anatomical LES?

A

No — only physiologic sphincter

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23
Q

Hormone that increases LES tone?

A

Gastrin

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24
Q

Hormones that decrease LES tone?

A

Secretin; CCK; glucagon

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25
Capacity of adult stomach?
~1500 mL
26
Main functions of stomach?
Storage; mixing; controlled emptying
27
Shape of stomach in tall thin individuals?
J-shaped
28
Shape of stomach in short obese individuals?
Steerhorn type
29
Part where esophagus enters stomach?
Cardia
30
Dome-shaped part of stomach?
Fundus
31
Longest part of stomach?
Body
32
Region between incisura angularis and pylorus?
Pyloric antrum
33
Thick muscular terminal part of stomach?
Pylorus
34
Which curvature is attached to lesser omentum?
Lesser curvature
35
Which ligament connects stomach to spleen?
Gastrosplenic ligament
36
Which structure hangs from greater curvature?
Greater omentum
37
Layers of stomach muscle?
Longitudinal; circular; oblique
38
Name of folds in stomach mucosa?
Rugae
39
Anterior relations of stomach?
Anterior abdominal wall; diaphragm; left lobe of liver; left lung/pleura
40
Posterior relations of stomach?
Pancreas; spleen; left kidney; left adrenal; transverse colon; splenic artery
41
Vertebral level of celiac trunk origin?
T12
42
Terminal branches of celiac trunk?
Left gastric; splenic; common hepatic arteries
43
Course of left gastric artery?
Along lesser curvature; gives esophageal branches
44
Anastomosis of left gastric artery?
Right gastric artery
45
Course of splenic artery?
Tortuous along upper border of pancreas to spleen
46
Major branches of splenic artery?
Pancreatic branches; short gastric arteries; left gastroepiploic artery
47
Branches of hepatic artery proper?
Right gastric artery; gastroduodenal artery
48
Branches of gastroduodenal artery?
Right gastroepiploic artery; superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
49
Arteries entering porta hepatis?
Right and left hepatic arteries
50
Branch of right hepatic artery?
Cystic artery
51
Artery supplying lesser curvature (left)?
Left gastric artery
52
Artery supplying lesser curvature (right)?
Right gastric artery
53
Arteries supplying fundus?
Short gastric arteries
54
Artery supplying upper greater curvature?
Left gastroepiploic artery
55
Artery supplying lower greater curvature?
Right gastroepiploic artery
56
Left and right gastric veins drain into?
Portal vein
57
Short gastric and left gastroepiploic veins drain into?
Splenic vein
58
Right gastroepiploic vein drains into?
Superior mesenteric vein
59
Primary lymph nodes of stomach?
Left/right gastric and gastroepiploic nodes
60
Final lymph drainage of stomach?
Celiac nodes
61
Parasympathetic supply of stomach?
Vagus nerves
62
Sympathetic supply of stomach?
Celiac plexus
63
Origin of anterior vagal trunk?
Left vagus nerve
64
Origin of posterior vagal trunk?
Right vagus nerve
65
Large branch of anterior vagal trunk?
Hepatic branch → pyloric branch
66
Large branch of posterior vagal trunk?
Celiac branch
67
Length of duodenum?
~25 cm (10 inches)
68
Shape of duodenum?
C-shaped
69
Peritoneal status of duodenum?
Retroperitoneal except first inch
70
Structure duodenum curves around?
Head of pancreas
71
First part of duodenum?
Pars superior (D1 / duodenal bulb)
72
Second part of duodenum?
Pars descendens (D2)
73
Third part of duodenum?
Pars horizontalis (D3)
74
Fourth part of duodenum?
Pars ascendens (D4)
75
Peritoneal covering of first inch of duodenum?
Intraperitoneal
76
Posterior relations of D1?
Gastroduodenal artery; CBD; portal vein; IVC
77
What opens into medial wall of D2?
Common bile duct and main pancreatic duct
78
Structure formed by CBD + MPD?
Ampulla of Vater
79
Where does ampulla of Vater open?
Major duodenal papilla
80
Accessory pancreatic duct opens where?
Minor duodenal papilla
81
Structures anterior to D3?
SMA; SMV; root of mesentery
82
Structures posterior to D3?
Aorta; IVC; right ureter; psoas
83
Junction of duodenum and jejunum?
Duodenojejunal flexure
84
Ligament suspending DJ flexure?
Ligament of Treitz
85
Clinical significance of DJ flexure?
Boundary between upper and lower GI tract
86
Mucosa of D1?
Smooth
87
Mucosa of remainder of duodenum?
Plicae circulares
88
Artery supplying upper half of duodenum?
Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
89
Artery supplying lower half of duodenum?
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
90
Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery arises from?
Gastroduodenal artery → common hepatic → celiac trunk
91
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery arises from?
Superior mesenteric artery
92
Superior pancreaticoduodenal vein drains into?
Portal vein
93
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal vein drains into?
Superior mesenteric vein
94
Upper duodenum lymph drains to?
Pancreaticoduodenal → gastroduodenal → celiac nodes
95
Lower duodenum lymph drains to?
Superior mesenteric nodes
96
Nerve supply of duodenum?
Celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses
97
Cause of esophageal varices?
Portal hypertension
98
Portal-systemic anastomosis in esophageal varices?
Left gastric vein ↔ azygos vein
99
Main complication of esophageal varices?
Massive upper GI bleeding (hematemesis)
100
Most common site of gastric ulcer?
Antrum near lesser curvature
101
Posterior gastric ulcer may erode into?
Pancreas or splenic artery
102
Anterior gastric ulcer may perforate into?
Liver
103
Most common site of duodenal ulcer?
First part (D1)
104
Posterior duodenal ulcer may erode into?
Gastroduodenal artery → severe hemorrhage
105
What compresses D3 in SMA syndrome?
Superior mesenteric artery
106
Risk factor for SMA syndrome?
Rapid weight loss → loss of periduodenal fat
107
How far can standard EGD reach?
Up to second part of duodenum (D2)
108
Procedure used to visualize bile duct via D2?
ERCP
Upper GI
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