PANCE 2.0 > GI #9 > Flashcards

GI #9 Flashcards

(55 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is the most accurate test for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

Biopsy: micro vesicular fatty deposits similar to alcoholic liver disease without the history of heavy alcohol consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Review Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Wilson’s Disease?

A

-Autosomal recessive disorder leading to copper accumulation in the body (liver, brain, kidney, joints, and cornea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Wilson’s Disease?

A

-Defect in chromosome 13 leads to decreased biliary copper excretion due to decreased ceruloplasmin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symptoms of Wilson’s Disease

A
  • Liver: Hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver failure
  • CNS: Dysarthria (MC), dystonia, tremor, rigidity, dementia, seizures, ataxia
  • Psychiatric: Behavioral changes, psychosis, delusions
  • Joints: arthralgias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is unique and seen on physical exam with Wilson’s Disease?

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings: brown or green pigmented rings due to copper deposition in cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How to diagnose Wilson’s Disease?

A
  • Decreased serum ceruloplasmin
  • Liver biopsy: Definitive
  • Molecular genetic testing for ATP7B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment for Wilson’s Disease

A

-Copper-chelating agents: Trientine (less side effects) or D-Penicillamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is given with D-Penicillamine and why?

A

Pyridoxine (B6) to prevent B6 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is also given to patient’s with Wilson’s Disease and what does it do?

A

Zinc supplementation because it interferes with intestinal copper absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does an indirect inguinal hernia occur?

A

-Lateral to inferior epigastric artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or False: an indirect inguinal hernia is the MC type of hernia in both sexes, young children, and young adults?

A

True

Indirect is the MC type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pathophysiology of an indirect inguinal hernia?

A
  • Often congenital due to a persistent patent process vaginalis
  • Increase in abdominal pressure may force intestines through internal ring into inguinal canal and may follow testicle tract into scrotum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Symptoms of an indirect inguinal hernia

A
  • Swelling or fullness at site
  • Scrotal swelling
  • Enlarges with standing or pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms of an incarcerated hernia

A
  • Painful enlargement of an irreducible hernia

- Nausea, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms of a strangulated hernia

A
  • Systemic toxicity (irreducible with compromised blood supply)
  • Severe painful bowel movement (may refrain defecation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you initially diagnose an inguinal hernia?

A

Groin US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment for inguinal hernia?

A

Often require surgical intervention

-Strangulated hernias are a surgical emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do direct inguinal hernias occur?

A

-Medial to inferior epigastric artery within Hesselbach’s triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the components of Hesselbach’s Triangle?

A

-RIP

  • Rectus abdominus (medial)
  • Inferior epigastric (lateral)
  • Poupart’s Ligament (inferior)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Femoral hernias are MC found in ______ and because the femoral ring is smaller, they often become ________

A

Women

Incarcerated or strangulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment for umbilical hernias

A
  • Usually resolve by 2 years of age

- Surgical repair may be indicated if still persistent by 5 years of age to avoid strangulation or incarceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Incisional hernias MC occur with what type of incisions and in what patients?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Vertical incisons

- Obese patients

24
Q

What are the four mainstays of treatment for diarrhea?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Fluid repletion: oral hydration preferred (IV saline, sports drinks, Pedialyte)
  • Diet: bland, low-residue diet (BRAT Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast)
  • Anti-Motility Agents: Bismuth-Subsalicylate, Loperamide
  • Antiemetics: Ondansetron, Dolasetron, Promethazine, Metoclopramide
25
With diarrhea, what is vomiting usually from?
Imbalance of serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, and histamine
26
Side effects of Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth-Subsalicylate)
-Dark colored stools, darkening of tongue DO NOT GIVE TO CHILDREN WITH VIRAL ILLNESS: RISK OF REYE SYNDROME
27
What are important side effects of Metoclopramide?
-Extrapyramidal effects: rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor, akathisia (restlessness)
28
If the patient is having extrapyramidal side effects from Metoclopramide, what is the treatment?
-Diphenhydramine IV
29
What is the MC overall cause of gastroenteritis in adults in North America and MCC of viral gastroenteritis worldwide?
Norovirus Gastroenteritis
30
Transmission of Norovirus
- Fecal-oral route - Contaminated food and water -Outbreaks (cruise ships, hospitals, restaurants)
31
Symptoms of Norovirus Gastroenteritis
- Vomiting is predominant symptom - Nausea - Non-bloody diarrhea that lacks mucus - Generalized symptoms
32
Treatment for Norovirus Gastroenteritis
-Fluid replacement (oral preferred)
33
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is MC seen in what population?
-Young, unimmunized children between 6 months and 2 years of age
34
To diagnose Rotavirus, you can do which test?
PCR testing
35
Treatment for rotavirus gastroenteritis
-Oral rehydration
36
Explain what Staph-A gastroenteritis is
-Infection due to heat-stable enterotoxin B
37
What is the incubation period for Staph-A gastroenteritis
-Short: within 6 hours
38
Source of Staph-A gastroenteritis
- Food contamination (dairy products, mayo, meats, eggs, salads) especially at room temperature - Common at picnics
39
Sources of bacillus cereus gastroenteritis
- Contaminated food (such as fried rice) | - Enterotoxin that can survive reheating
40
What is the MCC of traveler's diarrhea?
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
41
Transmission of enterotoxigenic E. coli
-Contaminated food and water (includes unpeeled fruits washed in the water)
42
Symptoms of Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
-Abrupt onset of watery, non-bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramping, vomiting
43
Vibrio Cholerae is what shape? How is it transmitted?
- Gram-negative, comma shaped rod | - Contaminated food and water
44
Outbreaks of Vibrio Cholerae occur where?
-During poor sanitation and overcrowding conditions (especially abroad)
45
What is the pathophysiology of vibrio cholerae?
Exotoxin causes secretory diarrhea (inhibition of water, sodium, and chloride absorption) which may cause profound dehydration and hypovolemia
46
Symptoms of vibrio cholerae diarrhea
- Vomiting - Abdominal pain - Copious watery diarrhea (rice water stools) that have grey flecks of mucous and may have a fishy odor but no fecal odor, blood, or pus
47
Treatment for vibrio cholerae?
- Oral rehydration therapy mainstay | - Tetracyclines if needed (Tetra, Doxy, Mino)
48
Prevention of vibrio cholerae in areas where it is endemic
- Use bottled water - Wash hands often with soap - Use chemical toilets - Cook food thoroughly
49
How are vibrio parahaemolyticus and vulnificus transmitted?
-Raw or undercooked shellfish consumption and seawater especially during summer months
50
Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes gastroenteritis primarily; however, what does vibrio vulnificus cause?
Gastroenteritis, necrotizing fasciitis, cellulitis
51
Vibrio Vulnificus is the MCC of
death from seafood consumption in the US
52
Risk factors for bacteremia with vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus?
Underlying liver disease (alcoholism, cirrhosis, hemachromatosis) Immunocompromised (DM)
53
Cellulitis from vibrio vulnificus occurs due to
wound exposure to seawater
54
For cellulitis associated with vibrio vulnificus, what is the treatment?
Tetracyclines (Tetra, Mino, Doxy)
55
For necrotizing fasciitis associated with vibrio vulnificus, what is the treatment?
Emergent surgical debridement + broad spectrum ABX
PANCE 2.0
flashcards
Decks in class (62)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions