what are the functions of the GI tract
- digestion
- absorption
- excretion
- host defense
what does the Upper esophageal schpinter do
important for swallowing
what does the lower esophageal schpinter do
where esophagus meets stomach
what is GERD
reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
caused by Gastroparesis
what are the contributing factors to GERD
-incompetnet LES
-impaired gastric emptying
-hiatal hernia
-alcohol abuse
-more common in kids w developmental delays
what are the complications of GERD
-regurgitation/malnutrition
-esophagitis
-barrets esophagus= increased risk for esoph cancer
-respiratory compromise: associated w asthma and COPD
what does the stomach do
- reservoir function: controll release of chyme into small intenstine
- mechanical digestion: gastric motility
- chemical digestion: digestive enzymes continue digestion of protein and fats
- HCL: activates pepsin and immune defense
- intrinsic factor: binds to B12 for small intenstine absorption. deficiency leads to pernicious anemia
what do surface mucuosui cells do
secrete mucus
what do mucuous neck cells do
secrete mucus
what do parietal cells do
secretes HCl and IF
what is gastric defense
protective barrier function
1. compact epithelial cell lining
2. mucus covering
3. bicarbonate ions
4. blood flow
what is gastritis
inflammation of inner lining of stomach
-acute
-excessive acid production > gastric defense
NSAIDs, aspirin, alcochol
-stress induced
common in critical illness
what is peptic ulcer disease
increased acid secretions and digestive enzymes erode gastric mucosa.
-helicobacter pylori infection >70%
-complications: hemorrhage, perforation, peritonitis, scarring
-can occur from non-steroidal medications like Bayer
ASA
defined by site of origin
3 types of NSAIDs
- acetyslalicylic acid: Aspirin
- traditional NSAIDs: ibuprofen, naproxen
- COX-2 inhibitiors: celebrex- causes heart attacks and strokes
15% of long term NSAID users develop PUD
talk about ASA (aspirin) and traditional block COX-1 and COX-2
pain relief with increased GI bleeding risk
talk about celebrex and vioxx and being selective for COX-2 only
pain relief with decreased GI bleeding
but increased CVA/MI risk
what does COX 1 and 2 do
facilitate pain
what does COX-1 do
facilitated blood clotting, so if blocked..you decrease blood clottingq
what are red flags of GI bleed
-syncope
-hypotension
-pallor
-sweating
-tachycardia
what are other symptoms to expect of a GI bleed
-fatigue/weak
-SOB
-ab discomfort
what is a GI bleed
-decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin
-vomiting of blood or coffee ground emesis that originates from UGIB
melena: can be UGIB or LGIB
what is the fucntion of the small intestine
- chemical digestion
endocrine cells and exocrine function
hormones regular gastric, pancreatic and gall bladder function - absorption
villi and microvilli
what is the function of the large intestine
main= water absorption
-final stage of digestion through bacterial action
-ferment carbs, produces some B vitamins and Vit K
-mucus is major secretion; no enzymes
-epithelial cells absorb salts
-water flows by osmosis
talk about Crohn’s disease
-patchy inflammation that may occur anyhwere along digestive tract
-invovles entire bowel wall
-pain is commonly experienced in the lower right abdomen
