GI tract

Question 1

what are the system components of the GI tract

Answer 1

• mouth
• teeth
• tongue
• salivary glands
• oesophagus
• stomach
• gall blader
• liver
• pancreas
• small intestine
• large intestine
• rectum
• anus

Question 2

at what level does the oesophagus begin and end

Answer 2

C6 to T11

Question 3

describe the two layers of muscle in the oesophagus

Answer 3

20-40 cm long and 1-2cm wide

Question 4

what neves control the oesophagus

Answer 4

• right vagus nerve
• right sympathetic trunk
• left vagus nerve
• left sympathetic trunk

Question 5

how much does a infant and adults stomach hold

Answer 5

infant - 30 ml
adult - 1.5-2L

Question 6

where is the stomach located

Answer 6

• epigastrium, umbilical and left hypochondrium

Question 7

what does the enlargement of left supraclavicular lymph nodes suggest

Answer 7

troisiers sign - lead to gastric ulcer, sign of stomach cancer

Question 8

what happens with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Answer 8

• hypertrophy of pylorus - thickening of muscular wall
• gastric obstruction - projectile vomiting

Question 9

when is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis common

Answer 9

around 4 weeks of age

Question 10

what sex has the highest incidence of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Answer 10

males: females is 5:1
higher incidence in monozygotic twins due to genetic factors

Question 11

what are the parts of the small intestine

Answer 11

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ilium

Question 12

what are the parts of the large intestine

Answer 12

• cecum
• colon
• rectum

Question 13

describe the duodenum

Answer 13

• entirely retroperitoneal
• most fixed part of small intestine

Question 14

how do duodenal ulcers cause disease

Answer 14

• perforate duodenal wall and allow contents to enter peritoneal cavity and cause peritonitis
• erosion of gastroduodenal artery causes severe haemorrhage

Question 15

how does para-duodenal hernias cause disease

Answer 15

• intestinal lopp folds around duodenojejunal junction causing strangulation and hernia

Question 16

how does gallstones in duodenum cause disease

Answer 16

• ulcerate for the eroded funds of gallbladder and enter duodenum from perforation

Question 17

compare the jejunum with the ileum

Answer 17

• less complex arterial arcades
• longer vasa recta
• more place circulates, thicker and highly filed
• no fat in mesentery

Question 18

what is meckels diverticulum

Answer 18

• yolk sac remnant extending into umbilical cord
• mimics appendicitis

Question 19

what is the rule of 2 for meckels diverticulum

Answer 19

• 2% of population
• 2 inches long
• 2 feet proximal to ileocaecal junction

Question 20

where is the appendix normally found

Answer 20

McBurney’s point

Question 21

where does appendicitis pain start

Answer 21

peri-umbilical region - visceral pain poorly localised - T10

Question 22

what is the main blood supply to the large intestine

Answer 22

inferior and superior mesenteric arteries

Question 23

what does hirschsprungs disease cause

Answer 23

absence of certain nerve ganglion cell bodies in myenteric plexus in wall of bowel

Question 24

what are the symptoms of hirschsprungs disease

Answer 24

• colon stays contracted
• bowel obstruction normally affecting 1-2 feet of the colon that ends with the rectum

Question 25

what is volvulus

Answer 25

- twisting of intestinal loop - sigmoid colon susceptible of extreme mobility

Question 26

what are colon polyps

Answer 26

- abnormal growth of tissue in the lumen of the intestine

Question 27

what is diverticulosis

Answer 27

- out pouching of the intestinal mucosa through muscular layer of intestinal wall - herniation of mucosa through areas of weakness of circular smooth muscle

Question 28

what is diverticulitis

Answer 28

inflamed or infected diverticula

Question 29

what is intussusception

Answer 29

invagination of loop of intestine with another section or loop of intestine

Question 30

what are the symptoms of intussusception

Answer 30

- nausea - vomiting - cramps by necrosis of tissue - red currant jelly stools - mucous and blood

Question 31

what in a physical exam shows they have intussusception

Answer 31

- sausage shape mass in their abdomen - fetal position for protection

Question 32

how is intussusception diagnosed

Answer 32

sonogram preferred over x-ray

Question 33

what is the partial peritoneum

Answer 33

lines the walls of abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 34

what is the visceral peritoneum

Answer 34

covers organs

Question 35

what is the peritoneal cavity

Answer 35

the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum

Question 36

where is the supracolic compartment

Answer 36

lies above the transverse mesocolon and contains stomach, liver and spleen

Question 37

where is the infracolic compartment

Answer 37

lies below the transverse mesocolon and contains the small intestine, ascending and descending colon

Question 38

what connects the supracoloc and infracolic compartments

Answer 38

paracolic gutters

Question 39

what is the greater sac

Answer 39

larger portion of the peritoneal cavity

Question 40

what are the compartments of the peritoneal cavity

Answer 40

- greater sac - lesser sac - omental foramen of Winslow

Question 41

what is the omentum

Answer 41

fold of peritoneum extending from the stomach

Question 42

where does the coeliac trunk arise from

Answer 42

anterior surface of the abdominal aorta at T12

Question 43

what does the coeliac trunk immediately divide into

Answer 43

- left gastric - common hepatic - splenic

Question 44

what are the main branches to supply the GI tract

Answer 44

foregut - coeliac trunk midgut - superior mesenteric artery hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery