Pediactrics > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

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1
Q

IBS – definition ; Functional disorder with abdominal pain and altered bowel habits

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2
Q

Common age group ; Late childhood/adolescence

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3
Q

Etiology ; Multifactorial – diet

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stress

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4
Q

Pathogenesis ; Visceral hypersensitivity

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altered motility

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5
Q

Clinical signs ; Recurrent abdominal pain

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bloating

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6
Q

Diagnosis ; Rome III criteria

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exclusion of organic disease

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7
Q

Treatment ; Dietary changes

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reassurance

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8
Q

Prognosis ; Chronic course

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good outcome with lifestyle management

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9
Q

📌 FUNCTIONAL CONSTIPATION IN CHILDREN

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10
Q

Functional constipation – definition ; Infrequent or hard stool without organic cause

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11
Q

Etiology ; Low fiber

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withholding behavior

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12
Q

Clinical signs ; Hard stools

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painful defecation

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13
Q

Diagnosis ; History and physical

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Rome III criteria

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14
Q

Treatment ; Diet + laxatives + behavior modification

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15
Q

Prognosis ; Usually resolves with proper management

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16
Q

Prevention ; High-fiber diet

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hydration

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17
Q

📌 FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA & ABDOMINAL PAIN

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18
Q

Functional dyspepsia – definition ; Recurrent upper abdominal pain without organic cause

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19
Q

Etiology ; Stress

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diet

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20
Q

Clinical signs ; Early satiety

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bloating

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21
Q

Diagnosis ; Rome III criteria

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exclusion of organic disease

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22
Q

Treatment ; Diet modification

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prokinetics

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23
Q

Prognosis ; Good with lifestyle adjustment

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24
Q

📌 GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) & DUODENOGASTRAL REFLUX

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25
GERD – definition ; Retrograde flow of stomach contents into esophagus
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Etiology ; LES immaturity
delayed gastric emptying
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Pathogenesis ; Acid exposure → mucosal irritation
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Clinical signs ; Regurgitation
vomiting
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Diagnosis ; pH-metry
upper GI contrast
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Treatment ; Positioning
dietary modification
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Prophylaxis ; Avoid overfeeding
upright position after feeds
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Duodenogastral reflux – definition ; Duodenal contents reflux into stomach
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Clinical signs ; Nausea
vomiting
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Diagnosis ; pH-metry
imaging
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Treatment ; Same as GERD
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📌 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)
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Nonspecific ulcerative colitis – definition ; Chronic inflammation of colon mucosa
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Crohn’s disease – definition ; Transmural inflammation of any GI tract part
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Etiology ; Multifactorial – genetic
immune
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Pathogenesis ; Dysregulated immune response → chronic inflammation
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Clinical signs – UC ; Bloody diarrhea
abdominal pain
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Clinical signs – Crohn ; Abdominal pain
diarrhea
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Diagnosis ; Colonoscopy + biopsy
labs
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Treatment ; Anti-inflammatory drugs
immunosuppressants
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Prognosis – UC ; Relapsing course
colectomy may be needed
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Prognosis – Crohn ; Chronic
relapsing
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📌 BILIARY SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION
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Functional biliary disorder – definition ; Gallbladder/ sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia
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Etiology ; Motility disorder
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Clinical signs ; Right upper quadrant pain
nausea
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Diagnosis ; Ultrasound
hepatobiliary scintigraphy
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Treatment ; Dietary modification
spasmolytics
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Prophylaxis ; Avoid fatty meals
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Organic biliary disease – definition ; Structural/obstructive disease of gallbladder or bile ducts
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Etiology ; Congenital malformations
stones
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Clinical signs ; Jaundice
hepatomegaly
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Diagnosis ; US
MRCP
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Treatment ; Surgery or endoscopic intervention
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Prophylaxis ; Early detection
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📌 EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY (EPI)
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EPI – definition ; Inadequate pancreatic enzyme production → malabsorption
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Etiology ; Cystic fibrosis
chronic pancreatitis
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Pathogenesis ; Enzyme deficiency → fat
protein
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Clinical signs ; Steatorrhea
weight loss
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Diagnosis ; Fecal elastase
fat in stool
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Differential diagnosis ; Celiac disease
IBD
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Treatment ; Pancreatic enzyme replacement
fat-soluble vitamins
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Prophylaxis ; Early diagnosis and nutrition support
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Prognosis ; Good with therapy
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📌 ACUTE & CHRONIC PANCREATITIS IN CHILDREN
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Acute pancreatitis – definition ; Sudden pancreatic inflammation
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Etiology ; Trauma
infection
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Clinical signs ; Abdominal pain
vomiting
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Diagnosis ; Labs + imaging
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Treatment ; Supportive
IV fluids
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Prognosis ; Usually favorable
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Chronic pancreatitis – definition ; Long-term pancreatic inflammation with fibrosis
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Etiology ; Genetic
cystic fibrosis
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Clinical signs ; Recurrent pain
malabsorption
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Treatment ; Pain management
enzyme replacement
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Prognosis ; Chronic course
82
📌 CYSTITIS IN CHILDREN
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Cystitis – definition ; Bladder infection
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Etiology ; E. coli most common
other bacteria
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Pathogenesis ; Ascending infection
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Clinical signs ; Dysuria
frequency
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Diagnosis ; Urine analysis + culture
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Treatment ; Antibiotics
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Prophylaxis ; Hydration
hygiene
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Prognosis ; Good if treated early
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📌 HEPATOBILIARY & DIGESTIVE NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
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Functional gallbladder disorder – definition ; Motility problem
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Clinical signs ; RUQ pain
intolerance to fatty foods
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Treatment ; Diet
antispasmodics
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Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency – clinical clue ; Steatorrhea
growth failure
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Acute pancreatitis key labs ; ↑ amylase
↑ lipase
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Chronic pancreatitis long-term risk ; Malabsorption
diabetes
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Cystitis complication ; Pyelonephritis if untreated
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