Once solar rays enter the atmosphere it moves into this system:
- Heat distribution
- Precipitation and Cloud cover
- Wind/pressure gradients
Latent heat
Involves a state change.
Sensible heat
Moves through the same medium.
Factors in six-factor day model:
- incoming solar radiation
- reflected solar radiation
- surface absorption
- sensible heat transfer (ground, air)
- longwave radiation
- latent heat (evaporation)
Four-factor night model:
- longwave radiation(loss from the ground)
- latent heat transfer (condensation)-dew
- LW incoming from clouds
- sensible heat transfer(air, subsurface supply)
Hydroscopic nuclei
Water vapour condenses on the hygroscopic surfaces. E.g. dust, sulphur dioxide
Seasonality
Depends on how the Eart is tilted.
Summer-tilted towards the sun, so there is more insolation and longer days
Annual temperature variations-Jan, winter is in…
the northern hemisphere
Annual temperature variations-Jan, warm water…
is moving to poles, from the equator.
Annual temperature variations-Jan, the thermal spike is in…o
the Atacama desert, Ethiopia, Northen Horn of Africa and Northen region of Australia.
Annual temperature variations-Jan, Europe is warmer due to…
ocean currents.
How geology affects the thermal spike?
- Rock (sandstone, granite)
- Sand-surface absorption stays close to the surface
- Little vegetation-poor albedo
What affects the thermal spike?
- geology
- orographic shadow (rain shadow)
- specific heat capacity
How does specific heat capacity affect the thermal spike?
It takes 5x amount of energy to heat up the same volume of water as land. Therefore, 5x longer to lose.
-land heats up faster
Annual temperature variations-July-the thermal equator shifts…
upwards towards the North pole. It moves less above the ocean compared to land.
Annual temperature variations-July-most of the area on the thermal equator is…
land, so vegetation stores the heat.
Annual temperature variations-July-The south pole is much colder than North pole during winter, because…
The south pole is double in size and therefore double the albedo.
Annual temperature variations-July-the thermal spikes are…
in Sahara desert, Middle east and Gobi desert in Asia.
Why is northern hemisphere warmer during winter compared to the southern hemisphere?
- 2/3 of land is in the North
- more people live there, so higher temperatures ‘
- more land means more heat absorbed
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Atmosphere19
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Global Energy Budget15
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Global Circulation19
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Tri cellular model14
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Weather in cities52
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The hydrological cycle31
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Hydraulic Geometry13
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Deltas17
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Structure of Earth30
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Tectonic plates25
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Plate margins52
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Predicting and managing floods18
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Storm hydrograph32
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Weathering48
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Factors affecting the weathering23
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Classification of mass movements70
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Atmospheric transfers13
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Global distribution of energy25
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Condensation64
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Smog14
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China and Seoul microclimate19
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Climate Change27
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Erosion and Transport12
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River Flow and Landforms28
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Bangladesh Flood25
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Modification of drainage cycle29
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Hard and Soft engineering24
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Fold-mountain building, ridges, volcanic arcs14
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Slopes12
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Causes of mass movements and prevention23
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Avalanches25
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Avalanches Case study6
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Sierra Leone and Hong Kong26
