Advanced Human Geography > Global Interdependence Overview > Flashcards

Global Interdependence Overview Flashcards

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1
Q

What is tourism?

A

Travel away from the home environment:
1. for leisure, recreation and holiday
2. to visit friends and relatives
3. for business and professional reasons

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2
Q

What can tourism also be classified as?

A
  • Tourism is classified as domestic when the trip or holiday takes place within a person’s home country.
  • If a person crosses a national border, this becomes international tourism and they will be classified as an international arrival in the destination country
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3
Q

What is mass tourism?

A

Travel forlarge numbers of people andusually associated withpackage holidays whichorganise everything for you.Now most associated withthe lower end of the marketalthough cruises can nowcome under this heading.

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4
Q

What is niche tourism?

A

This is when individualsorganise some or part oftheir holiday and will travelsingly, in pairs or smallgroups.
Can be associatedwith green and eco-tourismwhere people travel but tryto minimise their impact onthe planet

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5
Q

What is ecotourism?

A

Form of niche tourism to areas of ecological interest (typically exotic and often threatened natural environments), especially to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife so as to have the least possible adverse effect.

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6
Q

What is the carrying capacity?

A

The maximum amount of tourists the resort can support without degradation of the environment.

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7
Q

What is the social carrying capacity?

A

the level of tolerance of the host population for the presence and behaviour of tourists in the destination area without the decline of the area.

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8
Q

What is the economic carrying capacity?

A

The ability to cope with tourist functions without squeezing out the desirable local activities and avoiding the decline of the tourist destination.

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9
Q

What are primary tourist resources?

A

Resources that exist or originally existed for non-tourist purpose e.g. the natural landscape, religious buildings and defensive sites.

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10
Q

What are secondary tourist resources?

A

Resources that were deliberately built to satisfy the needs of tourists e.g. hotels, restaurants and them parks.

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11
Q

What is the butler model?

A

A model looks at how tourist resorts grow, develop and adapt to changing market conditions.

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12
Q

What does the butler model do?

A

-The model explains the stages of development, explaining the possible problems that come with them. This allows governments and businesses to plan in a sustainable way. The model also allows for the comparison of different resorts.

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13
Q

Describe the stages of the Butler model.

A

The model has 5 stages: the discovery stage, where a settlement is discovered and so provides services for tourists; the growth/development stage, where more tourists arrive and more services develop as a result of the popularity; the success stage, where the resort becomes well known and tourism is the main business activity particularly in peak season attracting migrant workers ; and the problem/stagnation stage, where people become dissatisfied with the congestion and growing popularity of the resort leading to fewer visitors and less economic prosperity as a result. The model then splits into one of two phases: the decline of rejuvenation stage where the resort can either go into further decline developing a more run-down image or rejuvenate itself whether that be through investment or other means.

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14
Q

What is the Butler Model?

A

A model that examines how tourist resorts grow, develop and adapt to changing market conditions through various stages.

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15
Q

What are the main purposes of the Butler Model?

A

To explain stages of development, identify potential problems, allow sustainable planning, and enable comparison between resorts.

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16
Q

What happens during the Exploration Stage?

A

A small number of people ‘discover’ a settlement, with minimal tourist facilities.

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17
Q

What happens during the Involvement Stage?

A

Local people start providing services for tourists, and the area begins to emerge as a tourist destination.

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18
Q

What characterizes the Development Stage?

A

More tourists arrive, leading to new hotels, restaurants, and services being built to cater for the influx.

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19
Q

What occurs during the Consolidation Stage?

A

Mass tourism replaces the original economic function, possibly causing resentment and loss of local identity.

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20
Q

What defines the Stagnation Stage?

A

Popularity declines, natural environment diminishes, and negative comments lead to economic decline.

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21
Q

What are the two options after the Stagnation Stage?

A

Decline (facilities become rundown) or Rejuvenation (investment in sustainable strategies).

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22
Q

What are the five possible scenarios in the final stage?

A

Successful redevelopment, modest growth, stabilization, gradual decline, or rapid collapse.

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23
Q

What is a strength of the Butler Model regarding planning?

A

Useful for governments to forecast changes and plan infrastructure investment.

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24
Q

How does the rejuvenation stage add flexibility?

A

It allows for multiple options beyond simple decline, extending the lifecycle.

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25
What is a criticism regarding resort trajectories?
The model assumes all resorts follow the same path, but some may not due to local decision-making.
26
Why might ecotourism resorts not follow the model?
Their aim is to keep visitor numbers low, so they may never reach the development stage.
27
What external factors does the model lack?
War, natural disasters, COVID-19, political instability.
28
What is a strength of the model's simplicity?
Allows for easier comparison between different tourist resorts.
29
What does the model help governments plan for?
Policy development, infrastructure investment, and sustainability strategies.
30
What limitation does the model have regarding time?
It doesn't include time variables, so different resorts may take different times to go through stages.
31
What happens after rejuvenation or decline in the model?
The model doesn't specify what happens after these stages.
32
Why might some settlements never progress beyond early stages?
Remote locations that are hard to reach and unknown may stay in exploration/involvement stages.
33
What is the main value of the Butler Model for businesses and governments?
It helps in planning sustainable tourism development and anticipating future challenges.
34
What is trade?
The transfer (buying and selling) of goods, services, and materials between entities like individuals, companies, or countries.
35
What are visible exports?
Physical goods sold to other countries (e.g., cars, machinery, oil, agricultural products).
36
What are invisible exports?
Services sold to other countries (e.g., banking, insurance, tourism, education, consulting).
37
What is aid?
The transfer of money, goods, services, or expertise from one country/organisation to another, typically for development or emergency relief.
38
What is debt relief?
The partial or total cancellation or restructuring of a developing country's debt, freeing up resources for internal development.
39
What is free trade?
International trade without restrictions like tariffs, quotas, or subsidies.
40
What is a trade surplus?
When a country's exports exceed its imports (positive balance).
41
What is a trade deficit?
When a country's imports exceed its exports (negative balance).
42
What is the main advantage of a trade surplus?
Money flows into the country, boosting GDP and creating jobs in export sectors.
43
What is comparative advantage?
When a country specializes in producing goods/services it can produce more efficiently than others.
44
What is the multiplier effect in trade?
When an increase in exports leads to even greater economic growth through increased spending and job creation.
45
What is protectionism?
The opposite of free trade; using barriers like tariffs to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
46
What are tariffs?
Taxes imposed on imported goods to make them more expensive and protect domestic producers.
47
What are quotas?
Physical limits on the quantity of a good that can be imported during a specific time period.
48
What is specialisation in trade?
When countries focus on producing goods/services where they have a comparative advantage.
49
What is economic interdependence?
When countries rely on each other for goods and services through trade.
50
What is dumping?
Selling goods in a foreign market at below cost price to drive out local competition.
51
What is a trade bloc?
A group of countries that agree to reduce or eliminate trade barriers among themselves.
52
What is globalization?
The process by which businesses and other organizations develop international influence or operate on an international scale.
53
What is balance of trade?
The difference between the value of a country's exports and imports of goods and services.
54
What is an embargo?
An official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.
55
What are subsidies?
Government financial support to domestic industries to make them more competitive against imports.
56
What is offshoring?
The practice of moving business processes or production to another country to reduce costs.
57
What is outsourcing?
Contracting out business processes to another company, often in a different country.
58
What is a trade war?
A situation where countries retaliate against each other by imposing trade barriers.
59
What are Tariffs?
Taxes/customs duties imposed on imported goods and services. They are a type of trade restriction that protects a nation’s companies from foreign competition.
60
What are Quotas?
Trade restrictions that limit the number or monetary value of goods or services that can be imported during a particular time period.
61
What is a Market Economy?
An economy where goods are bought and sold and prices are determined by the free market with minimal government control. It is the basis of capitalism and is also known as a free market economy.
62
What is a Free Trade Agreement?
An agreement between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers (quotas and tariffs) and increase the trade of goods and services with each other.
63
What is a Trade Bloc?
A group of countries, usually within a region, that agree to reduce or eliminate trade barriers (quotas and tariffs) between member countries.
64
What is Dumping in trade?
When manufacturers export a product to another country at a price below what they charge in their home market or below its cost of production.
65
What is unfair trade?
Trade where farmers and workers in LICs get a small share of profits - face volatile prices - tariffs - subsidies from HICs - environmental risks - lack of technology - waste due to strict market standards
66
Give examples of unfair trade practices by HICs.
Subsidising domestic farmers (e.g., US rice) - imposing tariffs/quotas on LIC exports - dumping surplus food - requiring cosmetically perfect produce
67
What is Fairtrade?
A global movement creating better trading conditions for LIC producers via fair prices - sustainable practices - improved working conditions - long-term trade relationships
68
When and where was the first Fairtrade label launched?
1988 - Netherlands - starting with coffee from Mexico
69
What are the two main Fairtrade standards?
Smallholder Standards (cooperatives) - Hired Labour Standards (large estates/plantations ensuring fair wages - health & safety - workers' rights)
70
What is the Fairtrade Minimum Price?
A guaranteed price covering sustainable production costs - acting as a safety net during market downturns - higher market price paid if applicable
71
What is the Fairtrade Premium?
Extra money paid to producer organisations to invest democratically in social - economic - or environmental projects like schools - healthcare - infrastructure
72
Give socio-economic benefits of Fairtrade.
Improves livelihoods - empowers communities through cooperatives - supports training - better farming - gender equality - access to finance and markets
73
Give environmental benefits of Fairtrade.
Encourages sustainable farming - reduces chemical use - protects soil/water/biodiversity - supports climate resilience
74
List criticisms of Fairtrade.
Extra consumer price mostly stays in HICs - certification costs burden farmers - Minimum Price may encourage overproduction - political values imposed - limited mass-market access - price may not match quality
75
Impacts of Fairtrade on coffee producers.
Minimum Price stabilises income - Premium invested in production/community projects - organic coffee gets extra support - enables investments like roasting machines/agrotourism
76
Impacts of Fairtrade on cocoa producers.
Living Income strategy improves livelihoods - Premium invested in schools/replacing trees - programmes prevent child labour - supports women’s leadership - forest protection
77
Impacts of Fairtrade on banana producers.
Minimum Price/Base Wage ensures income stability - Premium invested in healthcare/housing/training - improves bargaining power - supports sustainable agriculture
78
Challenges in applying Fairtrade principles globally.
Only 2% of global trade is Fairtrade - high costs - complex to apply to all goods/services - environmental regulations vary - not always suitable for non-agricultural goods
79
How does Fairtrade promote socio-economic sustainability?
Through fair prices - Premium investment - training - cooperative empowerment - access to markets/finance
80
How does Fairtrade promote environmental sustainability?
By supporting organic/sustainable farming - biodiversity protection - reduced chemical use - climate resilience programmes
81
Example of a Fairtrade programme supporting cocoa farmers.
Fairtrade West Africa Cocoa Programme (Côte d’Ivoire - Ghana - Sierra Leone) strengthens small-scale producer organisations - child labour prevention - gender equality
82
Key limitation of Fairtrade in achieving global trade fairness.
High consumer prices - limited market share mean it cannot fully transform global trade - cannot reach all small producers
83
What is the core definition of debt relief?
The reorganization or reduction of debt to make it more manageable.
84
For debt relief to reduce poverty, what is a critical requirement for the freed-up funds?
They must be spent on programs that provide real benefits to the poor.
85
What was the primary goal of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)?
To ensure the repayment of debt, not poverty reduction or development.
86
Name three of the six major elements of a typical SAP.
Tight monetary policy; Decreased government spending; Privatization; Trade liberalization; Export promotion; Deregulation.
87
How did the devaluation of currency in Senegal under its SAP directly impact public health?
It doubled the cost of imported medicines, contributing to a rise in maternal mortality.
88
Why were SAPs criticized for resembling colonial relations?
They reinforced global inequalities and power imbalances, with external powers dictating economic policy.
89
Despite their negative consequences, why were SAPs enforced on countries?
They were a condition for receiving essential loans, and neoliberal ideology was the dominant economic theory at the time.
90
What two international institutions launched the HIPC initiative?
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
91
What document must a country create to qualify for the HIPC initiative?
A Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP).
92
What is the name of the supplemental initiative that provides 100% debt relief on eligible debts?
The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).
93
What is the "Completion Point" in the HIPC process?
The stage where a country receives full and irrevocable debt relief after meeting all conditions.
94
What is one major criticism of the HIPC initiative from the perspective that it is "too easy"?
It can be wasteful and allow corrupt governments to continue with bad economic policies.
95
What is the "poverty trap" criticism of the HIPC initiative?
The debt reduction is too small and has too many conditions to actually enable sustainable economic growth.
Advanced Human Geography
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