Human Geography > Global systems > Flashcards

Global systems Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

What is the role of the WTO? + Aims

A

Responsible for facilitating international trade:

  • supervise trade by reducing barriers
  • sorting out trade problems between governments
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2
Q

What are the criticisms of the WTO?

A
  • Focuses mainly on multinational corporations
  • Fails to reduce tariffs on agriculture
  • Ignore environmental concerns
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3
Q

Describe examples of WTO involvement

A
  • Lowered trade barriers and increased trade between members
  • Conducts conflict neutral resolution
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4
Q

What is the role of the IMF?

A

Provide financial support to countries who are in economic despair

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5
Q

What are the criticisms of the IMF?

A
  • Impose severe cuts on education and welfare spending in developing countries
  • High interest rates on loans
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6
Q

What is the role of the World Bank?

A

Provides financing, advice and research to developing countries to aid their economic development

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7
Q

What are the criticisms of the World Bank?

A
  • Funding ‘top down’ projects (e.g. large dams) which have not helped to reduce poverty
  • Evaluate health problems by looking at economic outputs
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8
Q

What is the role of the IPCC?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:

Assess present and future risks and forward adaptation and mitigation options

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9
Q

What are the criticisms of the IPCC?

A
  • Led by powerful nations who influence change for their own advantage; leading to increased inequality and conflict
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10
Q

Summarise the Doha development agenda

A

Focuses on increasing foreign trade of agricultural products to advanced developing countries

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11
Q

What were the aims of the Doha development agenda:?

A
  • Tariffs reduced by 30%
  • Increased trade for developing countries
  • Fairer prices for farms in emerging economies
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12
Q

What were the problems with the Doha development agenda?

A
  • USA, EU and Japan wanted the trading nations of developing countries (e.g Brazil, China) to open their markets to Western goods
  • USA and EU insisted on larger cuts in farm subsidies to protect their farmers
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13
Q

What are bottom-up strategies?

A

Decisions made with the benefit of the local community in mind; projects suited to meet their needs

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14
Q

What are top-down strategies?

A

Decision to undertake projects in made by the authorities, without consulting the local people it would affect

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15
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Companies arrange for goods/services to be produced/provided by other companies, usually at a cheaper location

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16
Q

What are the positive effects of outsourcing?

A
  • Provide jobs and investment
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17
Q

What are the negative effects of outsourcing?

A
  • Loss of jobs
  • If one large employer is outsourced, means less spending in the local economy, services will close down etc. (de-multiplier effect)
  • Deindustrialization of the economy
  • Structural unemployment
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18
Q

Define deindustrialization of the economy:

A

Closure of manufacturing companies and outsourcing eventually leads to the closure of local suppliers

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19
Q

Define structural unemployment:

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A

Skill set of local workers is no longer compatible as their jobs have now moved abroad. They are ill-equipped for the new types of work.

20
Q

Is globalisation increasing or decreasing inequality?

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A
  • Reducing inequality through the transfer of capital from rich to poor countries
  • Increasing inequality within countries where members of society cope better with changes in jobs and technology
21
Q

What are the two measures of inequality:

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A
  • Difference between HIC and LIC and whether the difference is increasing or decreasing
  • The inequality of incomes within a country and how this is being affected by globalisation
22
Q

What is interdependence?

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A

The theory that nations depend on each other economically, politically, socially and environmentally

23
Q

Give 2 positive effects of labour movement:

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A
  • Opportunity for work

- Workers return to their original countries with new skills

24
Q

Give 2 negative effects of labour movement:

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A
  • Loss of skilled workers, moving to countries for higher pay
  • Unemployment in more developed countries
25
How can labour movements cause pandemics – give an example of a pandemic
- COVID19
26
What is outsourcing?
Strategy used by companies to arrange for goods and services to be provided by other companies, in locations where costs are lower
27
What are the benefits and drawbacks of outsourcing?
``` Benefits: - Provides jobs and investment Drawbacks: - Deindustrialisation due to closure of manufacturing firms - Skilled workers no longer compatible ```
28
New jobs were created after de industrialisation of the UK - evaluate its success using examples.
Coal mining industry in Wales replaced by Airbus manufacturing, providing 6000 jobs
29
How can we measure income distribution across the world ?
- Measure the difference between rich and lower income countries - Measure the inequality of income that exists within each country
30
Why richer members of society able to cope better with changes in jobs and technology?
31
What is the golden arches theory?
' No two countries that both had McDonald's have ever fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's '
32
How does globalisation lead to political stability?
The idea of the world as 'one community' makes it easier for governments to work together on common goals
33
How has globalisation hastened conflict?
- Shortages of food, water and energy | - Some countries feel a sense of injustice as the richer nations drive the process and make decisions
34
How can trade be used as a weapon? Use examples
In 2006 UN Security Council imposed trade sanctions on Iran because of its refusal to suspend its nuclear programme. This severely harmed Iran's integration in to the world economy.
35
What does it mean by unequal flows of people?
Generally people migrating from LIC's to HIC'S due to better job opportunities and more freedom
36
What are the benefits of unequal flows of people?
Receiving country: - Migrants fulfil work in unwanted sectors Origin country: - Workers send remittances back to their home country
37
What are the disadvantages of unequal flows of people?
Receiving country: - Becomes dependant on the migrants work Origin country: - Becomes dependant on remittances
38
Define unequal flows of money
Mainly money flows into LIC's via FDI, aid and remittances | Flows of money into HIC's generally come from repatriation of profits/sales
39
What are the benefits of unequal flows of money?
Receiving money: FDI can improve the quality of life | Sending money: Take advantage of lower labour costs, maximising profits
40
What are the disadvantages of unequal flows of money?
Receiving money: Workers in LICs depend on high wages. meaning they will subject themselves to poor working conditions Sending money: TNCs take majority of profits, leaving little for the country
41
Define unequal flows of ideas
HIC's usually influence the idea of how countries should operate and how trade should be carried out. This is mainly due to these countries having more money and therefore more power over less developed countries.
42
What are the benefits of unequal flows of ideas?
Free trade has increased due to deregulation, allowing global markets to thrive
43
What are the disadvantages of unequal flows of ideas?
Deregulation leads to more relaxed social and environmental laws in LICs - caused social injustice and environmental damage
44
Define unequal flows of technology
HIC's invest in technology for LIC's for their profit (e.g. manufacturing equipment) LIC's do not invest in technology for HIC's as there is less benefits
45
What are the benefits of unequal flows of technology?
Companies benefit from products being made overseas, meaning they can maximise profits
46
What are the disadvantages of unequal flows of technology?
HIC manufacturing costs are lost | Skilled workers have no jobs
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