aims of WTO (world trade organisation)
- reduce barriers
- promote free trade between countries
ensuring that trading nations keep to the agreed international trade rules through sanctions
aims of IMF (international monetary fund)
allow the currency to be exchanged freely and easily between 190 global member countries
aims of The World Bank
- provides finance, advice & research to developing nations to aid economic advancement;
- funds projects for developing countries
TNC’d to aid development
the process of moving manufacturing around the globe that has resulted in the development of emerging countries such as China, India and Brazil
well known NGO’s
- Red Cross
- the Salvation Army
how does the UN have an impact on the effects of globalisation
- Maintaining international peace and security;
- Protecting human rights;
- Delivering humanitarian aid;
- Promoting sustainable development;
features of NGO’s
- Non-Profit: profit should be used for expanding NGO activities further.
- Values: social, cultural, economic or political; should work towards public good
- Voluntary: formed by a group of like-minded volunteers who have come together to address a common issue
- Legally registered: only legally registered NGOs can access formal donations.
- Non-criminal: do not indulge in anti-social and criminal activities.
example of ethnic cleansing
1920: Turkey expelled its Greek minority and Greece expelled its Turkish minority following the Greco-Turkish War.
push factors
- unemployment
- civil war
- crime
- poverty
- ill health
- harsh climate
- retirement
- drought
- famine
- ethnic cleansing
pull factors
- freedom of speech
- cheap land
- family ties
- no hazards
- employment
- marriage
- personal safety
- education
- higher wages
- health services
Temporary economic migrants
people that migrate purely for monetary purposes where they stay for a few years or less and then move on - short stay workers
why do retired people migrate?
- don’t need to live close to work
- Warmer climates - e.g. Las Vegas -dry, warm climate
- Downsize into a smaller/cheaper home to save costs
- quieter/calmer/more attractive environment
why might people migrate voluntarily?
- work/ promotion/ higher wages
- rural to urban areas
- urban to rural
Medical migration
doctors/ surgeons migrate where skills are in demand/ patients migrate for health reasons
Circular Migration
no intention of a permanent move e.g. :
- Seasonal workers - return home after a short contract
- Students at uni - return at the end of the term to their normal place of residence
- Medical treatment - people to move to countries temporarily
- Tourism - encourages circular movement with longer stays
who are the people responsible for forced migration?
The UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
modern transport and communications has made trading and interaction almost instantaneous
time-space compression
trade
import and export of raw materials, food goods and services through the reduction of trade barriers
Economies of Scale
the cost per item reduces when operated on a large scale
benefits of globalisation at a local level
- Greater choice of goods
- Integration of cultures - multi-culture
- Spread of technology and innovation
cost of globalisation at a local level
- Small local businesses cannot compete with global companies
- Labour drain - skilled workers migrate elsewhere leaving unskilled or no workers behind
- Worker exploitation/cheap labour
- Closure of TNC leaves high unemployment rates
- Cultural dilution/loss of cultural identity
- Environmental cost of increased production, trade and growth
- Daily living costs increased
benefits of globalisation on a national level
- economic growth from tourism
- improved health care, infrastructure, social care and education
- TNC offer apprenticeships and incentives for progression
costs of globalisation on a national level
- TNCs control a large labour force and can ‘black list’ workers, effectively preventing people from working elsewhere
- Industrial growth impacts the environment
- Growth of urban slums
benefits of globalisation on an international level
- Skilled workers are in demand and can move relatively easily between countries
- Access to wide levels of skills and research
