1
Q
What is globalisation?
A
- The process where more global flows are being created; the world is more interconnected
2
Q
What are global flows? Give an example of a tangible and non tangible flow
A
Connections between countries, can be tangible or non tangible e.g. UK importing gas from Norway (tangible) or listening to American music (non tangible)
3
Q
Give examples of socio-cultural globalisation
A
Music, films, memes, sports, attitudes, values, religion etc.
4
Q
Give examples of environmental globalisation
A
Targets for climate change, organisations working together on issues such as climate change, countries working together to help endangered species etc.
5
Q
Give examples of political globalisation
A
Intergovernmental decisions, war, conflict, foreign aid, trade deals, political ideologies etc.
6
Q
Give examples of economic globalisation
A
Imports and exports, aid and loans, charity donations, brands and logos, TNCs, tourism etc.
7
Q
Is globalisation the same in every country?
A
No, types and levels of globalisation vary significantly between countries, some flows increase over time whereas others decrease, overall the world is a more globalised place than the past.
8
Q
Describe all the steps for chi-squared
A
- For groups of data, not just two
- Will find a relationship, not a correlation
- Create a resource - a compound bar chart or similar
- Develop a bill hypothesis
- The data we have is our observed data (O). We need to calculate our expected data (E) for each box. For each box, we calculate by doing row x column/grand total. Do this for each combination of data
- Use this equation (O-E)^2/E for each data set
- Add up all of the results
- Compare this to critical value table - (row - 1) x (column - 1). The answer to this is the degrees of freedom you need to use and then use 0.05 confidence
- If lower than critical value - accept null hypothesis
- If higher than critical value - reject null hypothesis
9
Q
Give an example of social globalisation causing economic globalisation
A
- Starbucks, a foreign company, brings coffee culture to the UK
- People buy more coffee, more Starbucks open, more global trade
10
Q
Give an example of economic globalisation causing economic globalisation
A
- more global jobs lead to better pay, people can afford Starbucks prices, more stores open, leading to coffee culture in the UK.
11
Q
Why does travel increase globalisation. State 5 points
A
- Plane travel is more efficient due to technology. More places have airports and you can fly around the world in less than a day at. Planes can also carry nearly 1000 passengers
- Plane travel is more affordable due to budget airline (planes cost 1/4 of what they did in the 80s) EasyJet have contributed to the growth in tourism in Estonia, they now get 2m visitors a year
- More global road networks and car ownership. The E40 motorway starts in Calais, France and goes through 7 countries to Kazakhstan. It’s 8000km long.
- Ships are bigger and more efficient, making trading easier. MSC Irina is the biggest in the world and carry 24000 containers. More British businesses can afford to import, opening up trade to NEEs and LICSs
- Trains are more connected and faster. The Eurotunnel connects the UK with mainland Europe and it has both a drive on or passenger option. People might open up businesses in other countries.
12
Q
Why does the development of finance networks accelerate globalisation?
A
- Stock markets around the world have grown. People from anywhere can buy a share in companies
- Many countries have their own lists (e.g. UK has FTSE100h) but they are interconnected
- Currency levels are connected e.g the value of the pound vs the euro
- Countries work together more often to arrange trade deals and blocs
- UN helps with economics, such as medication (WHO)
13
Q
Why has the development of security connections accelerated globalisation?
A
- Now more aware of global issues and that working together is often more effective at solving the problem
- Interpol are a global police force, they share info on criminals who may be operating across borders e.g. drug smuggling
- Many countries have extradition agreements - if a criminal flees the country where they committed the crime, they can be sent back.
- Countries work together for border control e.g. passport details and visa requirements
- UN Security Council makes global decisions.
14
Q
Why has the development of management and IT accelerated globalisation?
A
- Due to technology, many companies can use global networks for their businesses. Outsourcing to different countries can be cheaper
- This includes call centres and customer support, e-waste disposal and online services e.g. website design, tutoring
15
Q
Why has the growth of income and TNCs accelerated globalisation?
A
- Income levels are growing, especially in MICs such as China and India.
- Led to more global TNCs setting up in more places due to access to these emerging markets, this creates more capital flows
- A growth in TNCs from MICs who are beginning to make way in Europe and North America
- Begins to merge branding and culture e.g. Apple and Mcdonald’s
- Higher income levels means more opportunity to travel, more global communication technology (phones,internet) owned.
16
Q
Why has the development and growth of communication accelerated globalisation?
A
- Phone ownership has increased rapidly. Now 7b globally.
- From 2004 to 2022, internet use has increased globally from 14% to 65%, in HICs from 46% to 86%, in LICs from 7% to 49%.
- Online shopping and communities, e.g. eBay, Amazon and social media. Also online gaming such as Minecraft and FIFA.
- Used for health (e.g. disease warnings) and agriculture (e.g. crop prices)
- Social media helps spread global culture. 59% of the world have social media accounts.
17
Q
Why have agencies and NGO’s accelerated globalisation?
A
- NGOs are non-governmental organisations, they work globally for a range of issues e.g. Greenpeace, Amnesty International and Oxfam
- They share knowledge, ideas and try to change global attitudes
- They raise money to use for their causes
18
Q
Why might have globalisation not increased in some areas and sectors?
A
- Anything non-tangible is not affected by transport e.g. Films, music etc.
- Global security has increased in certain countries (HICs) and less so for LICs. Social media (communication) is not possible in all countries
- War causes less tourism
- Leaving the EU makes travel difficult
- Immigration laws make migration difficult.
19
Q
Give four points about the IMF
A
- Short termed financial aid
- Often with ‘strings attached’ e.g. economic reform would open up country to FDI
- Works with countries in economic crisis
- Loans expected to be payed back once economy rebounds
20
Q
Give four points about the World Bank
A
- Focus is on poverty reduction and long term development
- Focuses on transport, energy, education etc.
- Focuses on LICs
- Longer repayment and often not tied to system changes
21
Q
What flows do the IMF and World Bank create?
A
- Money (aid, loans and repayment)
- Expertise (e.g scientists)
- Political ideology (changing economic systems, austerity)
- Flows connected with development (e.g. TNCs, FDI)
22
Q
Explain having free movement of people in the EU trade bloc
A
- Allows employees to fill gaps needed, which could increase economic development
- Schengen area allows unrestricted movement
- Some none EU countries (Norway and Switzerland) are also part of Schengen in return for free trade
23
Q
Explain having free trade as being part of the EU
A
- Creates a single market of 500m people.
- EU businesses can sell products without any extra tax or restrictions, as they would in their own country
24
Q
Explain having shared currencies as being part of the EU
A
- 19 of the 27 EU members use the Euro. Removes cost of money transfer, allowing for cheaper trade between members. Allows direct comparison of costs and prices.
25
Explain the Erasmics programme as being part of the EU
- Can do a free year of a degree in any other EU country, also volunteering programmes
- Common Agricultural Policy - Agriculture protected in the EU, gives money to EU farmers.
26
Give the four factors of the Copenhagen criteria
- Policy - democracy, rule of law, human rights laws
- Economic - market economy, can cope with increased trade
- Law - must integrate EU laws e.g. human rights, migration
- Cooperation - Regional stability (not fighting with neighbours)
Turkey have applied to join the EU but are 'some way off'
27
What is tax?
Levied by the government on the cost of some goods, services and transactions
28
What is a tariff?
A tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported from another country
29
What is a quota?
A limit on the quantity of a particular product which can be imported
30
Briefly explain what the OECD are in four points
- Stands for Organisation for the Economic Cooperation and Development
- Made up of 37 countries, mainly HICs
- Mission is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well being of people around the world
- Does this by holding a forum where countries learn from each others knowledge to find a solution to common problems
31
Why would a government have free market liberalisation to increase globalisation? Give an example
- To 'open up' to the rest of the world for trade and business e.g. in the 1970s, China shifted away from communism to 'socialist capitalism', allowing business into the country
32
Why would a government privatise their businesses to increase globalisation? Give an example
- Transferring business from government to non government owned removes burden of cost to state and allows competition
- However, it can lead to costs increasing and cuts to services
- An example of a privatised business is the British Rail
33
Why would a government give business startups and subsidies to increase globalisation? Give an example
- Governments offering loans, grants and tax incentives will reduce risk of starting up a business e.g. UK government offer up to £250k loans for startups
34
Why would a government have special economic zones to increase globalisation? Give an example
- Areas with low tax rates and exemption from tariffs, attracts investment e.g. China's SEZs allow trade without authorisation from the government
35
Why would a country allow FDI to increase globalisation? Give an example
- Capital flows from one country to another to construct physical capital e.g. factories
- E.g. The UK has approx 1000 FDI projects including Google who have funded £1b in 37 deals
36
Why did China introduce their open door policy in 1978?
Realised they need Western technology and advancement for economic development.
37
Why would a TNC establish in a HIC?
- More disposable income
- Consumerism culture
- Some industries, such as science and technology, may require skilled workers
- Reliable e.g. electricity, internet
38
Why would a TNC establish in an MIC?
- Access to internet has allowed more marketing and advertising
- Often used for manufacturing due to plentiful supply of labour, cheaper wages and a lack of environmental and social laws
- Skilled workers increasing
- Glocalise products to work around local culture and laws
39
Why would a TNC not establish in an LIC?
- Many TNCs do not sell products here due to low income
- Culture varies significantly making some products difficult to sell
- Often used for raw materials such as agricultural goods
- Some growing industries and manufacturing but requires significant investment
- Lack of infrastructure such as roads and internet
40
What is meant by the term glocalisation?
- The concept of adapting a global product or brand to fit around local culture, laws, religions, and preferences as well as accessing local ingredients
41
What is a TNC?
A company which operates in more than one country
42
What are three positive and negative impacts of the globalisation of McDonald's?
- Employs 1.7m globally
- Most outside of the USA are franchises, allowing for ownership
- Pork is sourced from 'Freedom Food' approved farms
- Environmental issues
- Increase of obesity and health issues
- Footage reveals animal cruelty taking place in many farms used by McDonald's
43
Give three facts about Apple
- HQ in Silicon Valley, CA.
- Get raw materials from countries like Malaysia and is manufactured in places like China
- Only have shops in 25 countries around the world (mostly HICs)
44
Why has there been an increase in TNCs?
- Culture has changed e.g. consumerism
- Communications improved
- Increase of trade blocs and global groupings
- Easier transport
45
What does the term 'connected/switched on' mean?
- Countries which have the conditions to be globalised and to have increased flows
46
What does the term 'detached/isolated' mean?
- Countries with conditions which may be detrimental or a barrier to globalisation
47
What are the nine conditions to be globalised?
1. Physical Geography
2. Basic infrastructure
3. Income levels
4. Social media
5. Censorship
6. Number of STEM graduates
7. Number of airports
8. Trade agreements
9. Tax rate
48
Compare China with Gambia in terms of how many international airports they have, percentage of population that have internet connection and percentage of population that are university graduates
China vs Gambia
- 270 international airports vs 1 international airport
- 73% have internet connection vs 35% have internet connection
- 26% are university graduates vs 4% are university graduates
49
What are the 3 categories for measuring globalisation using KOF?
- Economic Globalisation - measured using; cross border trade, FDI, tariff rates and money flows
- Social Globalisation - measured using; international telephone calls, tourist flows, resident foreign population, households with a TV set, global affinity, international mail, import and export of books
- Political Globalisation - measured using; foreign embassies in a country, number of UN Peacekeeping missions participated in, trade and other agreements with other countries
50
What have KOF been criticised for?
- Not considering internal trade, means large countries like the USA seem less globalised
- Use outdated indicators (like mail)
- Has also been accused of cultural bias (presence of certain TNCs like McDonald's)
51
What are the four main categories of measuring globalisation with AT Kearney?
- Economic - amount of trade, value of trade (internal trade), amount of FDI
- Personal - telephone traffic, travel, personal money transfers
- Technological - Internet users, hosts and servers
- Political - Influence in organisations, peacekeeping contributions, treaties
52
What could you look at to see if a country has gotten better over time or not?
GDP, life expectancy, income levels, education levels, happiness, freedoms, peace, inequality
53
What are the five main global changes?
1. Deindustrialisation/ global shift - aided by factors such as transport and growth of internet
2. TNC growth and spread
3. More political groupings
4. Spread of global culture
5. Increasing migration
54
What is deindustrialisation?
The process of reducing industrial jobs in your country, normally by tertiary and quaternery jobs
55
What is the global shift?
The process of industry relocating from the West to MICs/NEEs
56
Why has manufacturing moved to China abundantly?
- Access to abundant workforce
- Relaxed government interference
- Investment into SEZs which encourage FDI
57
Why have Western countries outsourced a lot of their services to India?
- English speaking
- Cities like Bangladesh have high quality internet
- Typically paid less
58
What are the cons of deindustrialisation in the UK?
- Most people who manufactered lost their jobs and they had skills shortages in the 90s and 80s, left whole towns unemployed in some cases.
- Dereliction - abandoned buildings became a hotspot for crime and ruined aesthetic
- The UK had to spend lots of money to regenerate areas
- UK left vulnerable as they depend on other countries for their products
- Hulme is an example
- Depopulation - people moved out of areas to find jobs - created a cycle of deprivation
- Added to North/South divide as most industry was in the North.
59
Give three social benefits of globalisation
- Globalisation helps reduce social inequalities such as gender and LGBTQ rights by work of NGOs and government pressure e.g. more workers in STEM
- Globalisation helps spread global norms of education. China rose by 8.4%
- Global groupings helping to fight disease e.g. UN efforts
60
Give three economic benefits of globalisation
- In China, average household income has doubled, fuelled by FDI and manufactering shift
- Waged work replaces informal economy in places like China
- Disposable income increases in most HICs due to better paying tertiary and quaternary jobs
61
Give three environmental costs of globalisation
- Use of GFC gases have destroyed ozone. However, will return back to normal by 2050
- Biodiversity loss in Zimbabwe due to demand for Rare Earth Elements which caused deforestation
- Growth of industry has caused pollution in MICs
62
Give three social costs of globalisation
- Western China has not seen any benefits, Shanghai's economy= Portugal's economy and Guizhou's economy= Nepal's economy
- Unregulated profiteering by TNCs, led to property prices increase and energy bills increase. More households struggle
- People exploited by TNCs e.g. Rana Complex, used by Primark and Walmart collapsed in 2015 killing 1000
63
What is Westernisation?
Process of countries adopting or changing their societies to what is considered a more European way of life.
64
What are the 6 ways countries have been Westernised and explain.
1. Food Culture - 1300 Maccies in China - obesity - loss of local traditional foods. More meat consumption=more environmental damage
2. Democracy and Politics - Countries have adopted similar democratic processes, China resists Western pressure
3. Education - English is taught in most school, lead to propaganda and culture loss. Over 50% of global languages are expected to die out by 2100
4. Global trade and consumerism - Free trade pushed - benefits powers and TNCs - inequality. Encouraged by TNCs
5. Migration - Westernisation promotes idea of unlimited opportunity - Brain Drain or isolated rural communities integrate into cities
6. Norms and Values - Promote equality e.g. laws and policies promoting inclusion. Growth of Paralympics and LGBTQ and Women's Rights acceptance
65
What 3 countries have resisted Westernisation and why?
1. North Korea - politically isolate themselves (minimising trade and global politics), due to dangers of capitalism e.g. exploitation. Could be to maintain a dictatorship
2. China - 'Great Firewall', blocking of most Western social media sites
3. France - Attempts to preserve culture and language. Government officials attempt to ban English words creeping in to French language, radio stations have to play a minimum percentage of French songs. Banned any face coverings in public, affected those wearing Burqas, to 'preserve secularism and reduce security risks'
66
Give 4 push and 4 pull factors for migration
Push - To escape war, conflict and civil unrest, unemployment, lack of health and education, fleeing persecution
Pull - Higher income jobs, liberal laws and attitudes, weather and lifestyle, family, cultural and language links
67
What is the difference between an emigrant and an immigrant?
Emigrant - leave a country
Immigrant - arrive at a country
Does not include tourism
68
What is an economic migrant?
A person who migrates for work, or to seek work, in order to improve their economic position. Many of these are legal, they have the correct paperwork and permissions to remain and work. Moving for work is a flow of labour. e.g. 1m+ Polish migrants came to the UK 2004-6
69
What is a refugee?
- A person who is displaced. They have been forced out from their home. May be due to wars, natural hazards or accidents
- Refugees have very few rights to work and benefits e.g. Syrian refugees escaping war, fleeing into Turkey and Lebanon
70
What is an asylum seeker?
A refugee who wishes to remain in another country permanently. This is an application considered by the government. If successful, they can work and access services such as education e.g. Syrian asylum seekers in western Europe
71
What has contributed to the creation of global hubs and megacities?
As of 2007, more people live in urban areas than rural, has been created by internal migration, mostly in MICs such as China and India. By 2050, this will be over 75%
72
What is a Global Hub?
A city with a significant amount and variance of flows. A city which has global influence on economics, culture and migration e.g. London and New York
73
What is a Megacity?
A city with more than 10m people. City boundaries are often disputed and sometimes consider the 'Greater' region e.g. Tokyo, Los Angeles
74
Give four facts about Mumbai, India
- Population of 26m, more than doubled since 1970
- Rural migrants from neighbouring areas such as Bihar
- Range of work available across the skill levels
- Range of housing conditions from Dharavi slums to billionare mansions
75
Why would someone want to migrate from rural India to Mumbai, India? Give 4 reasons.
- Pay is low but it is still better than agriculture
- Better healthcare and education
- Climate change has made agriculture more unpredictable
- Transport and communications improvements means it is easier to migrate
76
Explain two challenges of rural to urban migration
1. Environmental damage - many cities, mostly LICs, have water sewage issues where raw waste is dumped. This can also be exaggerated by weather conditions, such as Monsoons in India. Growing, unregulated industry can also impact on river/water conditions and biodiversity
2. Social sustainability - Rapid growth can lead to challenges to ensure housing, healthcare and education provided. As places become more popular housing prices will rise which can exclude low income people. The type of work available can also exclude people such as youth unemployment.
77
What is elite international migration in 4 points?
- Migration of highly skilled and/or socially influential people
- Their wealth comes from high pay profession or assets
- The mega rich are often welcomed by governments and own homes in several countries
- Elite migration has led to a property boom in London where over 80% of property has foreign investment
78
What is low waged international migration in 3 points?
- People attracted to global hubs due to higher pay
- This can be both legal and illegal workers across mainly HICs and MICs
- This could be work from cleaning, construction and food services
79
What percentage of the population are migrants, and what do they mostly work as?
45%, most work in transport and construction and there have been many accusations of exploitation
80
What are benefits of migration on a host country? Give four points and an example
- Fills labour shortages
- Fills jobs locals don’t want
- Migrants spend money (tax)
- Eases dependency ratio
The UK economy has benefited by at least £4b due to EU migration
81
Give 2 costs to the host country of migration and give an example
- Social tension and political scare mongering
- Changes character of place e.g. culture, buildings
Wisbech in Cambridgeshire is nearly 50% Eastern European due to migration for rural jobs. This has caused conflict.
82
What are three benefits of migration to the source country and give an example
- Remittance; money sent home by migrants
- Eases housing and health pressures
- Migrants learn skills then return
Poland’s economy has tripled since 2004 when they joined the EU. Some of this is people returning home with skills
83
What are 3 costs of migration to the source country
- ‘Brain Drain’; loss of skilled workers
- Mainly working age loss (tax)
- Loss of ‘young’ services and culture e.g. universities, nightlife
84
Explain global culture
The idea that people in different countries share experiences, norms and ideas that can often unite but also divide. There is also the idea of global culture integration and diffusion; where cultures are adapted and merged together
85
How has global culture affected food?
- Less about the economic flows and the change to diet and preferences e.g. the Americanised food of McDonalds or the ‘coffee culture’ created by Starbucks
86
How has global culture affected entertainment?
- Many countries will enjoy the same films, tv, music and sport. They may even compete together e.g. Olympics
- Mainly Western (e.g. American film) but growing influence by Asia e.g. K-Pop
87
How has global culture affected fashion?
- Brands and social media promote certain trends which can be adopted by many countries
- Growing fashion needs has created ‘fast fashion’ issues where workers are exploited and conditions are poor. In 2013, the Rana Plaza building, used for clothes production for Primark and Walmart amongst others, collapsed and over 1,000 people died. The building had expanded without permission and safety laws ignored, all in the name of profit and cheap clothes
88
How has global culture affected language?
- English is dominant across the world but we’re beginning to see increased teaching of Arabic, Chinese etc.
89
How has global culture affected TNCs?
- Spread of TNCs mean shared experiences and products although glocalisation occurs
- Cultural Homogenisation - same words, logos, catchphrases used globally
90
Give 6 points about Cuba’s global diffusion
- 2016 - Barak Obama first US president to visit Cuba in 57 years
- Cuba is considered communist. After 1991, tourists were allowed to visit; locals experience foreign culture
- 2008 - business rules relaxed, allowed some private business
- Tourism has boomed although this has brought challenges to the environment
- Internet has opened up culture e.g. Netflix
- Stronger influence of Americanised culture has led to cultural erosion
91
What are 5 benefits of having a global culture?
- More entertainment options
- More business opportunities and income
- Shared technology
- Shared healthcare
- Changing values e.g. disability, LGBT+
92
What are the four Western Values?
- Rationalism, Individualism, capitalism and consumerism
93
What are four challenges of having a global culture?
- Loss of local culture and tradition
- Environment impacts
- Growing rich/poor divide
- Cultural imperialism? American/ European
- TNCs controlling culture and intentionally eroding local culture
94
Explain what anti-globalisation is in 4 steps
1. For some groups and governments, the negatives outweigh the positives in globalisation 2. They challenge the concept that globalisation is inevitable and beneficial 3. They highlight all the challenges that globalisation brings 4. Many governments do this to also protect national identity and their own culture from extinction 5. Many may do it as they disagree with decision making by outside organisations like the EU
95
Explain why Bhutan is an example of anti-globalisation
- Can only be visited through an organised tour group and tourists are charged a daily tax
- Most money is kept within local businesses, not global TNCs
- Means that it still contains large amounts of its own culture
96
Explain NGOs/individuals as an example of anti-globalisation in 4 points
1. People voting for Brexit from an anti-globalisation perspective 2. Can take anti-war, anti-big business or many other stances 3. Some can be nationalistic and xenophopic e.g. Lega are a major political party in Italy and hold strong right-wing anti-immigration views 4. Many G20 meetings are protested, demanding more economic equality and climate change action
97
Give 4 ways we can measure development economically
1. GNI 2. GDP 3. Gini Coefficient 4. PPP
98
Give 7 ways we can measure development socially
1. Life expectancy 2. Education quality 3. Doctors per person 4. HDI 5. Rights for Women 6. Rights for ethnic groups 7. Rights for LGBT
99
Give 4 ways we can measure development in the "other" category
1. Carbon emissions 2. Green space 3. Freedom of Speech 4. Environmental quality
100
Explain why the UK's South East region still dominate higher paying jobs and give two other areas around the world that have regional inequalities
- UK has more regional inequality than any other HIC. This is due to where TNCs as well as governments set up and therefore the workers they attract. An attempt to address this through devolution and relocation of work e.g. Welsh Assembly, BBC at Salford Quays. Central Africa and pockets of Asia have regional inequalities
101
Explain conflicts and tensions that have been caused by migration and global culture
- Social issues such as waiting times at GPs, or funding for translators in schools cause conflict. Some people also hold the view that their area is changing too much for their liking, xenophobia.
- Nationalistic parties across Europe and the US have seen an increase including Trump's 'MAGA' and Marine Le Pen's right-wing party, National Ralley, in France as well with Reform UK
102
Give an example of extremism in Manchester
Arena Bomb 2017
103
Explain why censorship can prevent or reduce globalisation
Governments can control flows of information, culture etc. through the control of media. In China, internet providers have to sign contracts to agree to 'Chinese Standards' and must align with party standards. Certain websites are blocked completely or censor events like Tiananmen Square massacre. 'Damaging' media like social protests and police brutality are censored. Many journalists have been jailed for breaking these rules
104
Give 3 examples of governments limiting migration
1. The UK voted to leave the EU; a large factor in this was the free movement of people 2. Trump claimed he would build a wall between US and Mexico to stem illegal migration 3. Macedonia built fences along the Greek border to reduce refugee flows
105
Explain why trade protectionism can prevent or reduce globalisation
Governments can decide on the amount of tax, tariffs and quotas on global trade. This can reduce global business due to costs although countries may have to follow rules, such as if in the EU or WTO
106
Explain what resource protectionism is and give an example
Taking control of vital resources which are fundamental to the population e.g. Nationalisation of energy Venezuela
107
Explain culture protectionism and give an example
Many indigenous groups have been exploited by colonialism and modern globalisation e.g. Indians in North America and the Maori of New Zealand. The six groups of Canadian indigenous people are known as 'First Nation' and often fight against exploitation of their people and environment e.g. oil drilling and loss of food source through pollution. They fight to protect their cultural identity and protest development of sacred lands.
108
Explain how localism and transition towns help make globalisation more sustainable
- Localism is the idea that globalisation is more sustainable by relying on local products, food, business etc. It reduces air miles and prevents 'shock' to the supply. Transition towns aim to promote localism.
109
Explain the positives and negatives of the Climate Hive in Manchester as being a transition town for sustainable globalisation
Positives: 'Library of Things' allows people to share books and tools, equipment etc. Repair Cafe, fix rather than replace goods. Locally grown vegetable food bank. Teaching people to grow their own food
Negatives: Costs and staffing; struggling to provide enough products and volunteers. Social stigma; embarrassment of needing these services. New products are often cheaper than repairs.
110
Explain how fairtrade and ethical consumption can help make globalisation more sustainable
Many small businesses struggle to compete against global TNCs. Fairtrade aims to return a bigger proportion of the revenue to the producers or growers and potentially reduce inequalities. The community fund of Fair Trade also helps with projects such as clean water, education and health
111
Give the 3 downfalls of Fair Trade as being good for sustainable globalisation
1. Not all shoppers will pay more for ethical goods 2. It is difficult to ensure the workers are receiving the benefits (e.g. it may go to farm owner not workers) 3. Many people are unaware, or unconcerned with ethical work conditions
112
Explain 2 negatives of sending waste to landfill
1. Uses up valuable land 2. Increased carbon emissions
113
What is an alternative way of managing waste other than sending it to landfill and give an example
Recycling
- Greater Manchester is a good example as 98% of waste sent here is recycled
114
What are 4 downfalls of recycling?
1. UK recycling rates are still significantly below most of Europe 2. Products have to be designed to be recyclable 3. New material may need research to help recycling 4. Recycling is still energy intensive. Re-use and reduce are better options
115
Give 6 other strategies of reducing the impacts of globalisation
1. Charging for plastic bags 2. Brownfield sites are used 3. Protest groups against TNCs and governments 4. Food policies 5. Community currencies 6. TNCs becoming more sustainable
Edexcel Geography A-Level
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