Globalisation EQ2

Question 1

What is the global shift

Answer 1

Economic centre of gravity and relocation of manufacturing shifted from HICs in global north to LICs/NEEs esp in Asia

Question 2

Explain reason and movement of economic centre of gravity

Answer 2

Economic centre of gravity has shifted eastwards to Asia esp China due to shift in manufacturing and outsourcing of services

Question 3

Positives of the rapid industrialisation of China

Answer 3

Over 800 million ppl in China lifted out of poverty since 1980s —> contributes to increased living standards, improved access to education and enrolment in sec/tert education institutions

Question 4

Positives of the rapid industrialisation of India

Answer 4

Bangalore and hyderabad have turned into global hubs for tech and innovation

Question 5

Winners and losers of global shift; (-) social consequences

Answer 5

Urban-rural inequalities have grown in India and China
Poverty exists in form of slums/informal settlements
Pace of urbanisation has outstripped capacity of city govs providing adequate housing and healthcare.

Question 6

Winners and losers of global shift; (-) env. consequences

Answer 6

Physical env under increasing pressure
Air poll levels in Chinese cities exceed safe limits —> industrial emissions
Water resources strained by industrial effluent and heavy metals
Ecosystems degraded through over exploitation of Nat resources

Question 7

Env problems in DEVELOPING countries

Answer 7

Air pol from power stations —> respiratory illnesses; reduce life expectancy
Water pol threatens biodiversity and drinking water supply
Land degradation —> unsustainable mining or deforestation —> soil erosion —> less crops
Over extraction in India’s groundwater for indust use caused water tables to drop —> locals without reliable access to clean water
Palm oil plantations in SE Asia contributed to loss of biodiversity and displacement of indigenous communities

Question 8

Env problems in DEVELOPED countries

Answer 8

NE England and American rust belt exp sign job losses = closure of manufacturing plants
Restructuring resulted in dereliction; abandoned factories and declining town centres = BROWNFIELD SITES = costly and complex to redevelop
High unemployment —> high crime rates, subs abuse, poor mental health, outward migration —> weakening local communities

Question 9

Growth of mega cities and urban challenges

Answer 9

Rural migrants move to cities for better jobs and services
Mumbai in India and Karachi in Pakistan exp pop growth over decades —> informal settlements and slums
Leads to pressure on infrastructure and local resources — increased waste gen, water shortage and air pol

Question 10

Int migration and global interdependence

Answer 10

HIC economies; UK rely on skilled migrants to fill labour shortages such as healthcare, finance and tech
Low wage economic migration has grown esp in UAE and Saudi Arabia where lots of S Asians are employed in construction.
These patterns have formed global interdependence
Remittances form crucial source of income for many sending countries

Question 11

Costs and benefits of migration

Answer 11

SOURCE countries gain remittances which support families and contribute to national economy. BUT lose young educated skilled workers
HOST countries gain workers and enhance culture diversity. BUT place pressure on public services such as healthcare, education and housing

Question 12

Cultural diffusion and spread of western norms

Answer 12

TNCs, global media networks, international tourism and migration.
Western CONSUMER CULTURE = dominant in influencing lifestyles and consumption; fast food replaces traditional diets (Asia/Africa) affecting health; calorie dense
MEDIA played central role in promoting western ideals; beauty, success and consumerism. HOWEVER has also raised awareness of social issues.
Growth of Paralympic movement challenges stigma around disability.

Question 13

Cultural erosion and env consequences

Answer 13

As western norms spread, traditional customs, languages, clothing may be lost/diminished. E.g influx of western products in Papua New Guinea contributed to decline of indigenous life traditions.
Abandonment of traditional env practices may lead to ecosystems being devalued or exploited

Question 14

Growing resistance to globalisation

Answer 14

Anti-globalisation movements argue that glob disproportionately benefits wealthy countries while exacerbating inequality and undermining local cultures.
Environmentalists criticise glob for promoting unsustainable consumption and damaging ecosystems