what is deindustrialisation?
the decline in the importance of industrial activity for a place
when does deindustrialisation in the UK date back to?
1960s and 1970s when global shift happened
what are 3 deindustrialised UK cities?
Liverpool-200,000 jobs disappeared
Manchester-50,000 jobs lost
Cardiff
what happened during the deindustrialisation of Manchester?
between 1971 and 1981 manchester lost 50,000 full-time jobs and 17.5% of its population. whole areas became “emptied” and crime rates rose
what happened in Redcar?
more than 2,000 workers lost their jobs with the closure of Redcar steelworks in 2015, which brought to an end more than 140 years of steelmaking in Teeside
what are the impacts of deindustrialisation?
-dereliction
-depopulation and contamination
-unemployment (8.3% in Tees Valley 2016)
-deprivation (25% of children in Redcar live in low income families)
what are the push factors of rural-urban migration?
-poor employment opportunities, usually in the primary sector
-poor schooling and few prospects for young people
-rural poverty
-environmental disasters such as droughts and floods
-lack of services
what are the pull factors of rural-urban migration?
-better employment opportunities, often with TNCs in the secondary or tertiary sectors
-greater opportunities for young people and the chance to attend school
-a percieved higher standard of living
-increase in access to services such as hospitals
in 1950 how much of the worlds population lived in urban areas?
only 30%
what factors cause rapid population growth?
high birth rates and low death rates
what are the social challenges of rapid urban growth?
-provision of goods and services
-services are privately owned which targets wealth, growing inequality
-growth of shanty towns
-growth in homeless people in wealthy countries
what are the environmental challenges of rapid urban growth?
-air pollution from traffic and industry - respiratory issues
-sewage disposal and waste - spreads disease
-destruction of habitats - reduces ecosystems
-water pollution by unrestrained businesses - damages wildlife
what is a hub city?
global hubs are switched-on places possessing qualities that make other places want to connect with them and many people want to migrate there
what percent of all property purchases in central london involved foreign investors in 2013
82%
what did Quatari investment bring?
the shard, canary wharf, and harrods
what are the 3 factors that helped accelerate the global shift?
- individual Asian countries began to look abroad for investment and allow overseas companies access to their markets
- TNCs began to seek new areas for manufacturing and for outsourcing services to reduce costs
- FDI began to flow into emerging Asian countries allowing development to take place
what are the costs for emerging countries?
loss of productive farmland
an increase in unplanned settlements
pollution and health problems
land degredation
over exploitation of resources
loss of biodiversity
what are the benefits for emerging countries?
investment in infrastructure
reduction in poverty
increase in urban incomes
better education and training
what are the costs for developed countries?
unemployment
crime
depopulation
dereliction
what are the benefits for developed countries?
cleaner air
better environmental factors
increased profits for business owners
increased choice for consumer
reduction in price of goods
political and economic impacts
how has the global shift helped poverty?
chinese extreme poverty rates fell from 60% in 1990 to 16% in 2005
