How many people in china were living in poverty before the open door policy?
88% living in absolute poverty before 1978
How many employees does Disney have worldwide?
180,000 employees and 40,000 suppliers in 70 countries
How does Disney positively impact places around the world
Creates jobs and revenue for economies around the world
How many Chinese lifted out of poverty as a result of open door policy and global shift?
800,000,000 (84%+)
How has hyper urbanisation positively impacted Mumbai
-strong sense of community
-low crime rates
-85% go to school
-85% are employed in the illegal/informal sector
-15,000 businesses - $1billion per year
-35,000 ragpickers - 80% of plastic recycled
How has hyper urbanisation negatively impacted Mumbai
-500 people per toilet
-densely populated 1mil ppl per 1mile squared
-water for only 2 hours a day
-no land rights
-no electricity
-12 homes per water hose
-4000 cases of water borne disease a day
-raw sewage
-burning refuse = poor air quality
Who are the winners of westernisation
TNCs as they make lots of money from new markets
Who are the main losers of westernisation
The environment as vast areas of rainforest are being cleared to farm animals for changing diets around the world
When was Tiananmen Square
5th June 1989
Students protest against government for more freedom and democracy - army sent in
- event does not exist in china due to censorship
How much waste did the uk produce in 2012?
200 million tonnes
How much waste was recycled in uk and how has it changed
2014-2015 total amount of waste recycled = 43.7%
Compared to 12% in 2000
Environmental impacts on china
70% of China’s rivers, lakes, and reservoirs are polluted
China lost more than 18% of its arable land between 1997 and 2008
In regions like Guangdong (a global manufacturing hub), soil contamination from heavy metals such as cadmium and lead has made some land unfit for agriculture.
How can globalisation be used to argue that economic growth has increased overall?
• Expansion of TNCs has increased global trade
• Industrialisation of NEEs has raised national income
Evidence:
• China’s GNI ≈ $17 trillion
• Rapid export-led growth since 1978 Open Door Policy
Exam judgement:
Globalisation has been a powerful driver of aggregate economic growth, especially in NEEs.
How can globalisation be used to argue that benefits are unevenly distributed?
• HICs dominate high-value roles (finance, tech, design)
• LICs often confined to low-paid manufacturing or resource extraction
Exam phrase:
“Globalisation creates winners and losers at multiple scales.”
How can TNCs be used to argue that globalisation increases inequality within countries?
• High wages for skilled workers
• Low wages and poor conditions for low-skilled labour
Evidence:
• Foxconn factories: long hours, low pay
• Outsourcing to Bangladesh, Vietnam
Judgement:
Globalisation polarises labour markets.
How can globalisation be linked to rapid urbanisation in developing countries?
• Industrial jobs pull rural migrants into cities
• Urban growth often outpaces infrastructure
Case study:
• Mumbai – Dharavi slum
• Over 1 million people, extreme density
Exam angle:
Economic opportunity does not guarantee improved living conditions.
How can Bangladesh be used to argue globalisation creates environmental costs?
• Textile industry pollutes rivers
• Weak regulation prioritises growth over sustainability
Evidence:
• Leather tanning pollutes Buriganga River
• Unsafe water impacts health
Judgement:
Environmental degradation is an external cost of globalisation.
How can globalisation be used to argue cultural homogenisation?
• Western brands dominate global consumer culture
• Local traditions and languages weakened
Examples:
• McDonald’s, Disney, Netflix
• English as global lingua franca
Exam phrase:
“Globalisation risks cultural convergence.”
How can the same evidence from globalisation be used to argue cultural hybridity instead?
• Global ideas adapted locally
• Two-way cultural flows
Examples:
• K-pop (South Korea)
• Bollywood
• Localised McDonald’s menus
Evaluation:
Culture is reshaped, not erased.
How can migration be used to argue globalisation increases interdependence?
• Labour moves to where demand exists
• Remittances link economies
Evidence:
• Skilled migration to HICs
• Remittances worth hundreds of billions globally
Judgement:
People flows deepen global connections.
How can globalisation be linked to ethical consumption and resistance?
• Awareness of supply chains has increased
• Consumers influence production practices
Examples:
• Fairtrade
• Organic goods
• Ethical sourcing policies
Exam angle:
Globalisation enables both exploitation and accountability.
How can global governance be used to argue globalisation is managed, not random?
• Institutions shape trade and finance rules
Examples:
• WTO – trade liberalisation
• IMF & World Bank – loans and conditions
Judgement:
Powerful institutions shape how globalisation operates.
How can globalisation be used to argue poverty has reduced globally?
• Rapid growth in Asia lifted millions out of extreme poverty
Evidence:
• China: 800+ million lifted out of poverty
Exam balance:
Absolute poverty has fallen, but relative inequality persists.
How can globalisation be linked to rising inequality within countries?
• Wealth concentrates among elites
• Informal workers remain vulnerable
Evidence:
• Growing income gaps in HICs and NEEs
Judgement:
Globalisation redistributes wealth unevenly, not universally.
