1
Q
Nephritic vs. nephrotic?
A
- nephritic:
+ RBCs, - WBCs
red cell or mixed cellular casts
variable degrees of proteinuria - nephrotic:
proteinuria greater tahn 3.5 g/day (sig amount)
lipiduria, fatty casts
2
Q
What are nephritic causes of glomerulonephritis?
A
- postinfectious glomerulonephritis
- IgA nephropathy
- HSP aka IgA vasculitis
- mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis
- lupus nephritis
- thin basement membrane disease
- hereditary nephritis
- membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis
3
Q
nephrotic causes of glomerulonephritis?
A
- systemic: diabetic nephropathy, amyloidosis, systemic lupus
- minimal change disease (kids)
- FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis)
- membranous nephropathy
4
Q
Focal nephritic disease characteristics?
A
- inflammatory lesions in less than 1/2 glomeruli
- UA shows RBCs, occasional RBC casts, mild proteinuria
- example: IgA nephropathy
5
Q
Diffuse nephritic disease characteristics?
A
- affects more than 1/2 of the glomeruli
- UA similar to focal but will have more proteinuria, also edema, HTN and/or renal insufficiency
- ex: PSGN
6
Q
Patterns of nephrotic disease?
A
- affects MANY of the glomeruli
- w/o obvious inflammation or immune complex deposition
- edema, hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia
- ex: diabetic nephropathy
7
Q
Epidemiology of PSGN?
A
- most common cause of acute nephritis worldwide
- it primarily occurs in developing world
- risk is greater in kids b/t 5-12 years of age
- annual incidence: 20/100000
8
Q
When does PSGN present itself?
A
- usually occurs 1-3 weeks post strep throat
- 3-6 weeks post skin infection with GABS
- abx doesn’t always prevent glomerular disease
9
Q
Pathophys of PSGN?
A
- caused by glomerular immune complex disease induced by specific nephritogenic strains of GABS
- can also be assoc with various viral illnesses and parasitic infections (rare)
- resulting glom. immune complex disease triggers complement activation and inflammation
10
Q
Clinical signs and sxs of PSGN?
A
- often asx
- microscopic hematuria - lead to gross hematuria
- proteiniuria (can reach nephrotic range)
- edema
- HTN
- increased serum creatinine
- variable decline in GFR
- hypocomplementemia (C3, C4)
- acute renal failure and need for dialysis is uncommon
11
Q
Dx tests for PSGN? Signs that rule out PSGN?
A
- look for elevated titers of Abs to extracellular strep (evidence of recent GABS)
- streptozyme test measure 5 strep abs, 95% positive in pharyngitis and 80% positive in skin infections
- Most common ab: ASO (anti-streptolysin)
- renal bx: NOT performed in most pts to confirm dx of PSGN but it can be performed if:
other glomerular disorders are being considered because they deviate from the natural course of PSGN
-or it presents late w/o clear hx of prior strep infection - Persistently low C3 levels beyond 6 weeks are suggestive of a dx membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- recurrent episodes of hematuria: **suggest IgA nephropathy, rare in PSGN
12
Q
Tx of PSGN?
A
- management is supportive and focused upon tx the volume overload and HTN
- Na and water restriction
- Diuretic: lasix tx HTN and volume overload
- Dialysis may be reqd in acute renal failure
13
Q
Prognosis of PSGN?
A
- most pts, esp kids, have complete recovery, and resolution of their disease process - within the first 2 weeks
- small subset: have late renal complications (HTN, increasing proteinuria, and renal insufficiency)
14
Q
Epidemiology of IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease)?
A
- most common lesion to cuase primary GN in developed world
- higher frequency in Asians and caucasians (rare in blacks)
- Male to female 2:1
- age: 80% b/t 15-35 yo at dx
15
Q
Pathophys of Berger’s disease?
A
- unknown
- initiating event: mesangial deposition of IgA
- dysregulated synthesis and metabolism of IgA results in immune complexes that lead to mesangial depositon and accumulation
- enviro factors: dietary Ags and mucosal infections may drive the generation of pathogenic IgA
16
Q
Presentation of Berger’s disease?
A
can present in 1 of 3 ways:
- 50% present with gross hematuria (may be recurrent, usually after URI), flank pain, fever
- 30% present with microscopic hematuria (eventually will lead to gross hematuria), mild proteinuria
- 10% present with: nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria, lipiduria, fatty casts), edema, renal insufficiency, HTN: rare malignant HTN, hematuria
17
Q
Dx of Berger’s disease?
A
- suspicion based on clinical hx and UA
- confirmation: prominent IgA deposits in mesangium and along glomerular capillary walls, C3 and IgG are also deposited
- Mesangial IgA deposition also occurs in cirrhosis, celiac disease, and HIV
- IgA nephropathy may rarely be seen with other glomerular diseases - minimal change disease and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (wegeners)
18
Q
Tx of IgA nephropathy?
A
- BP control
- ACEIs/ARBs: pts with persistent proteinuria, slightly reduced GFR, and mild/mod changes in bx
- look for reduction in protein excretion
- pt with severe or progressive disease: corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants
19
Q
IgA nephropathy (bergers) prognosis?
A
- most pts enter sustained clinical remission
- some have persisten low-grade hematuria and or proteinuria
- slow progression to ESRD occurs in 50%
- predictors of progression: elevated serum Cr, HTN, and persistent protein excretion above 1000 mg/day
- patients who have recurrent episodes of gross hematuria w/o proteinuria are at low risk for progressive kidney disease
20
Q
What is HSP/IgA vasculitis? Who does it usually effect?
A
- systemic vasculitis characterized by tissue deposition of IgA containing immune complexes
- most common cause of vasculitis in children (90%)
- HSP: usually occurs b/t 3-15
- underlying cuase of HSP unknown main theory: immune mediated vasculitis, may be triggered by variety of Ags
21
Q
What is the tetrad of clinical manifestations of HSP?
A
- palpable purpura w/o thrombocytopenia or coagulopathy
- arthritis/arthralgias
- abdominal pain
- renal disease (GN)
- this can develop over days to weeks and manifestations can vary in order of presentation
22
Q
Pathogenesis of HSP nephritis?
A
- similar to IgA nephropathy ( deposition of IgA immune complexes)
- can have mild (asx hematuria) to varying degrees of proteinuria to severe presentation with nephrotic syndrome and even renal failure
- generally mild in children, moderate to severe in adults
23
Q
Dx of HSP nephritis?
A
- confirmed by kidney bx
- reserved for when dx is uncertain or severe renal involvement: marked proteinuria and or impaired renal fxn during the acute episode
24
Q
Prognosis of HSP nephritis? Tx?
A
- Renal disease is favorable in most, recurrence is common
- minority will develop persistent renal manifestations or ESRD
Tx:
- pts with cresentic GN: pulse IV methylprednisolone, followed by oral prednisone
- dialysis and renal transplantation cna be performed for those that progress to ESRD
25
What is RPGN (rapidly progressive GN)? Characterized by?
- acute GN marked by rapid progression to ESRF
- features of glomerular disease in urine
- progressive loss of renal fxn over short period (days, weeks, months)
- characterized morphologically by extensive CRESCENT formation and clinically progression to ESRD
26
Pathophys of RPGN?
- crescentic GN: crescent formation nonspecific response to severe injury to glomerular cap wall
- initially begins as active inflammation of cap wall, results in movement of plasma products, including fibrinogen, into Bowman's space with subsequent fibrin formation, the influx of macrophages and T cells, and the release of proinflamm cytokines
- followed by the development of fibrocellular and fibrous crescents, which represent a stage of disease that isn't likely to respond to immunosuppressive therapy
27
Types of RPGN?
- anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM/goodpastures): Ab disease of LUNGS and glomerulus caused by anti-GBM ABs
- Immune complex RPGN: deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli: IgA nephropathy, PSGN, lupus nephritis
- Pauci-immune RPGN: necrotizing GN and vasculitis: ANCA positive, systemic sxs of vasculitis
28
Presentation of RPGN? What if it is GBM?
- insidious onset: fatigue and edema
- more acute onset: macroscopic hematuria, oliguria, edema, renal insufficiency
- If GBM:
pulmonary hemorrhage, hemoptysis, pulmonary infiltrates, dyspnea
29
RPGN eval?
- UA: hematuria, RBC casts and other casts, proteinuria
- high BUN, and creatinine
- Renal bx
- serologic assays to determin type and cause:
ANCA, anti-GBM abs, ANAs
30
Tx of RPGN?
- early dx with renal bx and serologic testing and early tx is essential to min. degree of irreversible renal injury
- empiric therapy with severe disease while awaiting bx results:
pulse methylprednisolone
oral or IV cyclophosphamide
sometimes: plasmapharesis
- tx after bx results: specific
31
What is acute interstitial nephritis?
- AIN: renal lesion that causes decline in creatinine clearance and is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate in the kidney interstitium
- accounts fo 10-15 of cases of intrinsic renal failure
- pathologically: interstitial inflammatory response with edema and possible tubular cell damage
32
Etiologies of AIN?
- drugs account for 70% of cases: PCN, cephalosporins, sulfanamides, sulfanamide containing diuretics, NSAIDs, rifampin, dilantin, allopurinol
- ID: strep, leptospirosis, CMV, histoplasmosis, rocky mountain spotted fever
- immunologic entities: lupus, sjogren's syndrome, sacroidosis, cryoglobulinemia (abnorm protein formation in response to cold temp - impaired circulation - lead to color changes, hives, damage to extremities, purpura)
33
Presentation of AIN?
fever: greater than 80%
rash: 25-50%
arthalgias
peripheral blood eosinophilia (80%)
red cells in urine (95%)
white cells and white cell casts in urine
oliguria
azotemia
34
Eval of AIN?
- UA:
RBCs in urine (95%)
white cells and WBC casts
proteinuria commonly found in NSAID related interstitial nephritis
35
Tx of AIN?
- supportive measure
- removal of inciting agent
- if renal failure persists: short course of corticosteroids, high dose methylprednisolone or prednisone for 1-2 weeks, then taper
- carries good prognosis
- rarely progresses to ESRD
- recovery usually over weeks to months
36
Case study:
12 y/o has orange urine with sediment for 4 days, elevated BP, wt gain
- what will you see on UA?
+ hematuria, + proteinuria, and + red cell casts, (RBC dysmorphology implies glomerular damage - 95% sensitive and 90% specific)
- combo of hematuria and proteinuria increase risk of renal disease
- HTN: sx of fluid overload
37
What is the total work up you want on this pt?
- UA
- CMP
- CBC
- C3, C4
- ASO, RST
38
Difference b/t nephrotic syndrome and glomerulonephritis?
- nephrotic: edema, proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, elevated LDL, hypercoag: elevated fibrinogen, and factor V
```
- GN: ROPE
R = red urine
O = oliguria
P = proteinuria
E = elevated BP, BUN
low C3: post strep, membranoproliferative, SLE
```
39
Case study:
pt has hematuria, proteinuria, numerous RBC, and granular casts, low Hbg, and low C3,
ASO is 2130, and + rapid strep, Dx?
- PSGN
- most common type of acute GN
- common in 5-15 yo
- 50% asx
- dx by evidence of GAS (ASO detectable 2-4 weeks s/p pharyngitis)
40
Tx of acute GN?
- admit if HTN, edema, or signs of renal failure
- monitor/correct electrolyte anomalies
- tx HTN to avoid sequelae: diuresis: loop diuretics like lassie, fluid and Na+ restriction, anti HTN meds
41
Tx for PSGN?
- abx to target GABS
- cultures often + even if no sxs
- tx may result in milder course of PSGN
- epidemics of GABS may warrant prophylaxis to prevent PSGN, especially in underdeveloped societies
42
Prognosis and sequelae of PSGN?
- good prognosis in kids
- close F/U:
HTN resolves 1-2 weeks
C3 levels normal in 6 w
gross hematuria in 6 w
micro hematuria in 1 year
proteinuria resolves in 6 months
progression to renal dysfxn is RARE!!!
43
What is the key test to work up discolored urine? What findings in a UA points to GN?
- UA
| - UA with casts/dysmorphic RBCs = GN
44
32 yo male presents with R flank pain for 2-3 weeks, urine is brownish red. Had recent cold. Once before had similar episode of dark urine, UA: 2+ for blood, and 1+ for protein. Dx? Tx?
- Dx: IgA nephopathy (Berger's)
want a CMP, CBC, confirm with bx
- mesangial staining for IgA
tx: HTN (ACEI), if rapid progressionL corticosteroids, immunosuprressants
** recurrent episodes with proteinuria: higher risk of CKD
Nephrology
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
physiology68
-
Renal Lab Eval102
-
Fluids- electrolytes60
-
Renal imaging22
-
IV fluids55
-
CKD60
-
Cystic diseases of the kidneys33
-
Renal Pharm29
-
Glomerulonephropathies44
-
Renal Neoplastic Disease52
-
Renal Health maintenance24
-
Renal ID41
-
nephrotic syndrome45
-
Acid-base disorders44
-
Acut kidney injury50
