Glossary

Question 1

: an umbrella term for hypoxemic respiratory failure; equivalent to mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Answer 1

acute lung injury

Question 2

: nonspecific pulmonary response to a variety of pulmonary and nonpulmonary insults to the lung; characterized by interstitial infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis, refractory hypoxemia, and, with the exception of some patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and ARDS, decreased compliance

Answer 2

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Question 3

: mode of mechanical ventilation that allows unrestricted, spontaneous breaths throughout the ventilatory cycle; on inspiration the patient receives a preset level of continuous positive airway pressure, and pressure is periodically released to aid expiration

Answer 3

airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)

Question 4

: inhalation of either oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways

Answer 4

aspiration

Question 5

: collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation, obstruction to the airways, or compression

Answer 5

atelectasis

Question 6

: noninvasive spontaneous breath mode of mechanical ventilation that allows for the separate control of inspiratory and expiratory pressures; given via a mask

Answer 6

bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP)

Question 7

: bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to hemoglobin carrying reduced amounts of oxygen

Answer 7

central cyanosis

Question 8

: the use of a chest tube and closed drainage system to re-expand the lung and to remove excess air, fluid, or blood

Answer 8

chest drainage system

Question 9

: lung tissue that has become more solid in nature due to collapse of alveoli or infectious process (pneumonia)

Answer 9

consolidation

Question 10

: also referred to as assist-control (A/C) ventilation; mode of mechanical ventilation in which the patient’s breathing pattern may trigger the ventilator to deliver a preset tidal volume or set pressure; in the absence of spontaneous breathing, the machine delivers a controlled breath at a preset minimum rate and tidal volume or set pressure

Answer 10

continuous mandatory (volume or pressure) ventilation (CMV)

Question 11

: positive pressure applied throughout the respiratory cycle to a spontaneously breathing patient to promote alveolar and airway stability and increase functional residual capacity; may be given with endotracheal or tracheostomy tube or by mask

Answer 11

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Question 12

: “heart of the lungs”; enlargement of the right ventricle from hypertrophy or dilation or as a secondary response to disorders that affect the lungs

Answer 12

cor pulmonale

Question 13

: accumulation of purulent material in the pleural space

Answer 13

empyema

Question 14

: insertion of a breathing tube (type of artificial airway) through the nose or mouth into the trachea
fraction of inspired oxygen (FiOz): concentration of oxygen delivered
(e.g., 1.0 = 100% oxygen)

Answer 14

endotracheal intubation

Question 15

: the coughing up of blood from the lower respiratory tract

Answer 15

hemoptysis

Question 16

: partial or complete collapse of the lung due to blood accumulating in the pleural space; may occur after surgery or trauma

Answer 16

hemothorax

Question 17

: decrease in oxygen tension in the arterial blood hypoxia: decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells

Answer 17

hypoxemia

Question 18

: method of deep breathing that provides visual feedback to help the patient inhale deeply and slowly and achieve maximum lung inflation

Answer 18

incentive spirometry

Question 19

: an abnormally hard lesion or reaction, as in a positive tuberculin skin test

Answer 19

induration

Question 20

mode of mechanical ventilation that provides a combination of mechanically assisted breaths at a preset volume or pressure and rate and spontaneous breaths

Answer 20

intermittent mandatory (volume or pressure) ventilation (IMV):

Question 21

: a positive- or negative-pressure breathing device that supports ventilation and oxygenation

Answer 21

mechanical ventilator

Question 22

: shortness of breath when reclining or in the supine position

Answer 22

orthopnea

Question 23

: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

Answer 23

pleural effusion

Question 24

: localized grating or creaking sound caused by the rubbing together of inflamed parietal and visceral pleurae

Answer 24

pleural friction rub

Question 25

: the area between the parietal and visceral pleurae; a potential space

Answer 25

pleural space

Question 26

: partial or complete collapse of the lung due to positive pressure in the pleural space

Answer 26

pneumothorax

Question 27

: positive pressure maintained at the end of exhalation (instead of a normal zero pressure) to increase functional residual capacity and open collapsed alveoli

Answer 27

positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Question 28

: mode of mechanical ventilation in which preset positive pressure is delivered with spontaneous breaths to decrease work of breathing

Answer 28

pressure support ventilation (PSV)

Question 29

: mode of mechanical ventilation that provides partial ventilatory support in proportion to the patient's inspiratory efforts; decreases the work of breathing

Answer 29

proportional assist ventilation (PAV)

Question 30

: consisting of, containing, or discharging pus

Answer 30

purulent

Question 31

: disease of the lung that causes a decrease in lung volumes

Answer 31

restrictive lung disease

Question 32

: process of gradual, systematic withdrawal or removal of ventilator, breathing tube, and oxygen

Answer 32

respiratory weaning

Question 33

mode of mechanical ventilation in which the ventilator allows the patient to breathe spontaneously while providing a preset number of breaths to ensure adequate ventilation; ventilated breaths are synchronized with spontaneous breathing

Answer 33

synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV):

Question 34

: pneumothorax characterized by increasing positive pressure in the pleural space with each breath; this is an emergency situation, and the positive pressure needs to be decompressed or released immediately

Answer 34

tension pneumothorax

Question 35

: insertion of a needle or catheter into the pleural space to remove fluid that has accumulated and decrease pressure on the lung tissue; may also be used diagnostically to identify potential causes of a pleural effusion

Answer 35

thoracentesis

Question 36

: surgical opening into the chest cavity

Answer 36

thoracotomy

Question 37

: volume of air inspired and expired with each breath

Answer 37

tidal volume

Question 38

: indwelling tube inserted directly into the trachea to assist with ventilation

Answer 38

tracheostomy tube

Question 39

: surgical opening into the trachea

Answer 39

tracheotomy

Question 40

: through the bronchial wall, as in a transbronchial lung biopsy

Answer 40

transbronchial

Question 41

: refers to the ratio between ventilation and perfusion in the lung; matching of ventilation to perfusion optimizes gas exchange

Answer 41

ventilation-perfusion (V./Q.)