gluconeogenesis

Question 1

true or false:
some tissues need glucose continuously such as: rbc brain testens and the lens of the eye

Answer 1

true

Question 2

glycogen stores will only last —-

Answer 2

10-18 hrs

Question 3

when glycogen is depleted , — is formed from other non carbs precursors as lactate , glycerol , and amino acids

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

1.some steps of the glycolysis is —
example:
pyruvate dehydrogenase which converts pyruvate to acetyl coA is —
2. different — reactions go around irreversible steps
3. glycogenesis is an —- requiring step

Answer 4

• irreversible
• irresversible
• energy

Question 5

the substrates of glycogenesis include:

Answer 5

• lactate ( anaerobic metabolism )
• glycerol ( triglyceride breakdown )
• amino acids ( protein degradation )

Question 6

in the — state , —- is released from adipose tissue into the body by — of triglyceride

Answer 6

• fasting
• glycerol
• hydrolysis

Question 7

-glycerol —> glycerol requires the transformation of — to — through glycerol kinase ( that’s how its oxidised )
- glycerol kinase is expressed in —-
- the glycerol phosphate oxidased to —- and then it’ll be —-

Answer 7

• ATP to ADP
• liver kidney interstine and lactating mammary gland tissue
• dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP
• DHAP —> glyceraldehyde 3-p

Question 8

-acetyl coA can be generated from the breakdown of —- but is not a — of glycogenesis
- the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is —–
- the breakdown of triglyceride will increase —- and —–
-

Answer 8

• fatty acids
• substrate
• irreversible
• glycerol and acetyl coA

Question 9

1.high acetyl coA activates —- stimulating glycogenesis and inhibits —– inhibiting glycolysis
2. AMP inhibits —– in glycogenesis
and activates —- in glycolysis

Answer 9

• pyruvate carboxylase
• pyruvate dehydrogenase
• fructose-1,6 biphosphate
• phosphofuctvokinase 1

Question 10

-amino acids are converted to — intermediates
- —- is the direct precursor of phosphoenlypurvate ( PEP)

Answer 10

• TCA
• oxaloacetate
  ( check slides 9 , 10 for graphs )

Question 11

some enzymes can bypass the irreversible reactions of glycolysis as:

Answer 11

• hezokinase gluokinase ( consumes atp )
• phosphofructokinase I ( rate limiting enzyme and consumes atp )
• pyruvate kinase ( irreversible , it generates atp )

Question 12

1. carboxylation of pyruvate:
   - glycolysis: pyruvate kinase conversion of phosphoenlypyruvate —->
2. in glycogenesis bypass by: —–
   pyruvate will be —->
   activated by —–
   - the PEP carboxykinase : converts:

Answer 12

• pyruvate ( irreversible )
• pyruvate carboxylase ( biotin is co factor )
• oxaloacetate (în mitoxhodnria )
• acetyl coA
• oxycalate —> PEP ( occurs in mitochondria and cytosol )
  ( info:
  the mitochondrial oxaloacetate cant pass mitochondrial membrane , converted to malaria or asparatete which can cross and are reconverted to OAA in cytosol )

Question 13

2. the dephosphorlation of fructose-1,6 biphosphate:
   - glycolysis: phosphofructokinase
   the furtsoe-6-phosphate will be converted to :
   - in glycogenesis bypass by : fructose 1,6 biphosphatase control :

Answer 13

• frutose-1,6 biphosphate ( irreversib;le )
• inhibited by AMP ( which activates PFK1 glycolysis )
• inhibited by fructose 2,6 biphosphate ( F-2,6-BP levels decreased by glucagon and increased by insulin , thus the glucagon increase rate of glucogeneis)

Question 14

pentose phosphate pathway:
-generates —– and —– for biosynthetic process eg. nucleotide biosythesis
- its more —- than —-
- produces major proportion of the body’s —- from its oxidative reactions
two phases are:

Answer 14

• NADPH , 5-carbob sugars
• anabolic than catabolic
• NADPH
• oxidative phase for NADPH production and cyclical phase for the 5-carbon sugar production

Question 15

• oxidative phase has — irreversible reaction
• they convert glucose-6-p to —->
• catalysed by :
  it also includes:

Answer 15

• 2
• ribulose-5-p , c02 m and 2 NADPH
• glucose-6 phsopphate dehyrodgenase ( G6PD )
• 6-phsophogluconolactat hydrolysis and followed by series of reversible reactions

Question 16

• cyclical phase is a —- non oxidative reaction
• catalysed by the conversion of;
• products or intermediates can feed into:
• also :

Answer 16

• reversible
• 3,4,5,6,7- carbon sugars
• glyolytic pathway
• ribose 5-p for dna and rna sythesis

Question 17

—- functions as biochemical reductant involved in supplying electrons and hence energy to numeorus pathway.

Answer 17

• NADPH aka nicotinamide adenine dinucletoide phosphate ( some enzymes can use it as coenzyme )
• used in fatty acids sythesis , steroids , hormone sythesis
• used in antioxidants reaction - detoxification ( NADP+ = NAD+ + phosphate )