Aadhar
Intro
Facts
Aadhar is national id entity governed by UIDAI for multi-purpose such as social sector benefits.
Fact
Economy impact— (3-13%) GDP value addition by 2030.
Case study : PMGKY — covid 19
Punjab — nearly 100% Ration card seeded — efficiency — Punjab food and civil supply department 150 cr saved annually.
DBT
facts
Objective
Challenge
DBT is a GOI process under which subsidies and welfare benefits are transferred directly into beneficiaries’ bank accounts.
In (2025-2026): 5.6 lakh crore transferred
Objective
1.Curbing duplication— Ghost beneficiary — 3.5 crore fraud reduced from PM PEHAL scheme
2.fast transfer
- Reduce leakage — Rs. 4.5 lakh crore saved from leakage (2014-2024)— MoFinance
- Accurate end beneficiaries : clear development impact
- Transparency: Money trails
- Social contract upheld
- Better monitoring of schemes
Challenges
1.Ghost account.
2. Inclusions and exclusion
3. Delays in payment — Mgnrega delays
4. Adoption
5. Digital illiteracy
Other benefits
Inclusion
Women
Min governance and max government
Safety nets — covid 500 transfer to 20 crore women
Regional disparities
Etc etc
Wf—
unified beneficiary database
Aadhar seeding
Rationalisation of subsidies
Use of E- Rupi : only fxnl for specific time at specific locations, aids misappropriating.
PMJDY
—World’s largest Financial inclusion scheme.
— around 57% women
— around 65% Rural and semi urban
Credit—Overdraft (10k)
Bank mitras
Rupay debit card and Inbuilt Accident insurance
Shortcoming
1. Service costs
2. Customised financial products
3. Irregular income streams
Pressure groups
Intro
Types
Challenges
Mackenzie - P.G. are organised group with real common interests and they influence decisions of public bodies.
Types
1. Farmer groups
2.Labour groups
3. Businesses groups
4. Institutional — IPS Associations
5. Associations— India medical association
6. Student organisations
7. Caste based
Challenges
1. Fragmented
2. Shady
3. Short termed
4. Myopic Vision
5. Polarising tendencies
6. Lack of Resources
NGO
Definition
Importance
Role
UN: Independent voluntary and non profit groups established by individual or group of individuals for social, environmental , humanitarian or other concerns.
Importance:
Non political- unbiassed
Skilled labour
Labour abundance — pro bono
Grassroot level work
Resources mobilisation
Specificity
Max governance min govt
Bridge : policy suggestion and implementation aid
Role:
Children: CRY,
Child line 1098,
save the children.
Education: Pratham- ASER report
- Beti pdhao NGO
- Eklavya NGO
Women empowerment
- Cloths for work programs of ( goonj)
- SEWA (self employed -women association )
- Nirbhaya Foundation
- Vishakha foundation
Rural development:
- Bare foot college
- MS Swaminathan research foundation
Political and civil rights: Tight to food , NOTA
- PUCl
- Common Cause
Environmental
- Narmada bachao
- Green peace
- Wildlife trust
Animal Rights
- PETA
- People for Animals
International
- UNCEF
- D Without Border
Political activism — Kudankulam
— GM Crops
Accountability and transparency
— PRS
— S.C. ObserversNGO funding
FCRA
WF
3 sources
Domestic (CSR, Corporate funding, Individual, crowd funding)
Foreign (FCRA)
Govt Grants ( eg NRHM)
FCRA
- Foreign fund — Regulation compulsory
- MHA , IB ( Annual return)
- Specific purpose fund
- SBI delhi
Ammendment in 2020
— Only to FCRA NGO
— Sub granting not allowed
— admin expense (20%)
Impact
Accountability and transparency
Over sight
Implications
-Difficulty in Talent acquire (20%)
- Compliance requirements
- red tapism - NG to semi govt
WF
— Domestic donor tax incentives
— centralised NGO rating
— Streamlining compliance
— strengthening social stock exchanges ( zero coupons zero principal bonds)
Donors/ Charitable organisations
Example
Key words
Drawbacks
Constitutional, acts and other such add ons
- Humanitarian /relief : Khalsa Aid, Manvta di seva
- Communities based : JITO, Akal Academy
- Individuals: HNIs— Azim Premji
- Corporate: CSR, Infosys
- Religious: Tirupati trust , Sikh Langars
- Government donors : PM Cares
Rest education, women, rural devt, env
Key words :
Social entrepreneurship
Amul - Varghese kurein
Rj handicraft sold in delhi
Impact funding : education-impact funding
Drawback:
PG lobbying
Constitution
Art 19(1)(c)
Concurrent list
Donors— exemption— sec 80G (IT Act)
Hence
They bring funding which eventually brings influence hence are welcomed but required a cautious eye to refrain any overreach.
SHG
-intro
- dig
- features
- Facts
- examples
- government aids
- short comings
- wf
- conclusion
“Give a person a fish you feed him for a day,
Teach a person to fish you feed him for life”
Aim to empower individuals specially the rural women through collaboration, financial literacy and skill development.
Dig: ( SHG- Micro Finance) — poverty, health, unemployment, education, rural development, women empowerment (all these are around the centre thing)
Features:
Min 5 people
Common fund
Collective decision making
Social entrepreneurship
Collateral free loan
Facts:
44% agri activities
8% live stock
30% others
Example
—Kudumshree- kerela ( 3 pronged structure (inverted triangle— base neighbour SHG, Area development society , community development society )
— SEWA
—— punjab : Sehaj SHG in SAS Nagar supported by PUNJAB state rural livelihood mission(PSRLM) .make herbal soaps, shampoos
Government initiative
DDU NRLM
PSRLM
RBI-Nabard- Rural Bank Branches (RBB)— Community based Repayment system (community guarantees)
Bank sakhis
E government market places
Short comings:
-Regional disparity
-NPA^^
-Migration
-Subsidies (dicentivise from working )
- promises of loan waiver
WF
ARC - treat them as entrepreneurs
Regulatory framework^
Training ^^
Upi^^
Sensitisation of Bank employees
Eplatform strengthening— market linkages
Conclusion:
Thus it is a practical example of Indian vision of Max Governance and Min Government, leading to creation of 1 crore lakhpati didis who are contributing meaningfully to Indian vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047.
Regulatory governance
Value for intro conc or answer
Different regulatory agencies
Problems
Solution
Value:
World bank: govt : To protect market failure and private players: increase production and capacity
OECD
Indian way of regulating is not economic regula but eco soc and human
Because:
trust issues with PVT ( Imperial fear)
Neo Liberalism
Market failure protection
Public interest ( socialist)
Regulatory agencies
SEBI
RBI
TRAI
FSSI
IRDA
PFRDA
CCI
PNGRB
Problems in regulation
1. INDEPENDENCE
2. Accountability
3. Transparency
4. Uniform regulatory framework absent
5. Tribunals decreed
6. International standards compliance
7. Multiplicity-
Solution
Parli Commt
Statutory backing
Q hour
Tribunals
Multi sectoral agencies
CAG:
Constitution provision
Legislation
Duties
Scope
Jurisprudence
Office problems and solutions
CAG is friend philosopher and guide og parliament: Dr BR
Constitutional provisions:
Art. 148: (appt, sc (removal), CFI, post retirement no office)
Legislation: CAG (DPC) Act
Duties
-Audit ( CFI CFS CFUTWLA PAI PAS PAUTWL COFI COFS COFUTWL)
-PSU
- BODY SUBSTANTIAL FUNDED BY CG
- records keeping format
- receipt rule
- body not funded if recommended by presi and gov
SCOPE/ Extent
- appropriation audit
- regulatory audit ( laws rule followed)
- propriety audit ( public money public interest )
- Efficiency audit
- Performance audit
( Arvind Gupta vs UoI)
- NDDB vs UoI ( CAG Act specific law hence can audit other statutory coop , companies )
Office problem
1 appt — by presi ( exec?)
BP — Uk by king after consulting Parliament
2. Working: Generalist in specific job
3. Cadre : IAAS but CAG IAS moral?
4. Over burden
5. Recommendatory in nature
WF
Accountability Diagrams
How is it insured
RTI definition
Horizontal
Appt ex to ex
Ex to L
Vertical
Ex to Citizens
Leg to citizen
Diagonal
Permanent exec to citizenship
Horizontal: parliament committee
And CAG
Vertical :RTI, Social Audit
RTI is vertical accountability tool used to invoke diagonal accountability leading to participative governance.
Corruption
intro
Reason
Intro: Corruption begins where ethics end ( Dr. Abdul Kalam)
“Wealth earned through pious flourishes
And earned through dishonesty destroys”. ( Atharav Veda)
WB : use of public office for private benefit
Reasons:
1. Admin weak
2. Ethical training
3. Weak enforcement
4. Loopholes
5. Inequality
6. Economic : salaries low
7. Culture
RTI
Intro
Jurisprudence
Problems
RTI is vertical accountability tool used to invoke diagonal accountability leading to participative governance.
Jurisprudence : Raj Narain vs Up ( Right to know 19(1)(a))
Problems
A- Ammendment 2019
1.Terms of office : to be decided by centre and state
2. Salaries : changed from CEC and EC to State and centre depending
3. RTI rules : different tenure for different commissioners
B. RTI amendments 2023
4. Dpdp act : provisions amending RTI act—- All private info exempted
Section- 8 : deleted ( any info available to parliament can be made available to citizens )
Other limitations : OSA/ National Security .
- Composition :
Discretion : no set number of IC to be determined by president / gov - Appt : Bias: by presi and gov but after recommendation by (CM, LOP, COM)
- Functioning
2023-2024) 9 states didn’t have CIC - Retirement chamber ( 60%)
CIC (80% ) - Staff shortages
- Annual reports not timely
- Self disclosure low
- Red tapism
- Referring from one office to another
Wf
Namit sharma vs UOI: ( why he is suitable for CIC should be available in Recodn to presi)
Committee for CVC AND LP LA
Overall issues
Wf
Santhanam Comm.
LP
1. Complainant : no public servant?
2. Appt : pro govt
3. LOP office is conditional?
4. Duplication— Group A group B : lp+ CVC+ CBI
5. Judiciary not under it.
6. Whistle blower protection?
7. No suo moto powers
8. Constitutional status?
9. Delays
10. Frivolous complaints?
WF:
1. Appt- Apolitical
2. Lop diff arrangement
3. Constitutional status
4. E governance insure: E office , Sparrow (EACR)
POCA critical analysis
- Taking brine is not an offence if you are working honestly.
- Prior sanction : investigation stage from LP and prosecution stage vrom higher authority
<2nd ARC— only at prosecution that too diluted) - LP , La not functioning properly and not even constituted at places
- Giving bribe is offense no segregation? ( coercive vs collective?)
- Private entities not included?
Corporate governance
Major scams
Major committees and their contributions
Best practices
CG- Process DMC a company
Major scams:
Satyam Scam 2009
Icici bank scam 2017-2018
Kingfisher Scam
Committe
—Birla committe: Clause 49 to listing agreement— CEO/CFO certification, disclosure, Annual reports.
—>after satyam —>Godrej Committee —>Company Act 2013
MoCA
CH/CEO different
Independent directors
Whistle blowing
— kotak committee- (Transparency)
Audit partners, audit reports, quarterly reports to be shared
1 independent women director
bP: tata code of conduct
Wipro : publish CONFLICT OF interest
CSR
Sec
Eligibility
Issues
Case study
Wf
Sec 135 of CA 2013 to integrate social eco and ethical concerns into business
Eligible :
1000cr TO /
5cr Np/
Net worth 500cr
2% avg net profit
Issues
1. Core competence ( MS teaching digital literacy)
2. Framework
3. Compliance
4. Profit underreporting
5. Awareness
6. Advertisements campaign
Case study
Dabur : Cancer awareness
Hindustan uniliver : Project Shakti
Tata : 2000 govt school adopted : project utham
E governance : csr.gov.in
Fact : 25k companies — 30k crore
Wf:
Centralised platform
Transparency reporting
Integrating ngo to csr via social stocks
Environmental focus
Domain focused
Public service delivery
Framework
World bank: indian has captured high modernism : notion that centralised schemes and new tech can bring in change which is further intensifying due to low bargaining power of the people, weak cohesion .
Framework:
- Management: centralised
- Duplication: MoH, MowCD
- Service providers : teachers in election duties, doctors filling data forms of vaccine etc
4.oversight : weak institutions - Subsidies : leaky
- Accountability: weak vertical and diagonal accountability towards people.
- Corruption :
- Transparency: Weakened RTI act ex section 8 excluded by DPDP act and 2023 ammendment.
- Evaluation— lacking 3rd party audit and people participation.
Broad reforms:
1. Pvt
2. Community participation: UP swajaldhara, Pani samiti, EIA
3. PPP— Karnataka roads
4. Regulatory bodies to be strengthened
5. NGo— Pratham Aiser
6.citizen feed back
Citizens Charter
Definition
Issues
Wf
Comc
DARPG: cc is the written voluntary promises by which standards of psd are set and choices and grievances of citizens are upheld
Issues:
1. Lack statutory backing
1. Vision statement and service defining : top down approach
2. Standards setting: High than capacity
3. Grievance redressal mechanisms absent
4. Language
5. Independent audit missing
5. Capacity
6. Awareness
7. Inertia
WF :
ARC 2 - 12th report
1. Statutory backing
2. Integrate with RTI
3. People’s participation in defining
4. Standards according to capacity
5. Perform to achieve
6. Public grievances redressal
7. Independent evaluation
Best practices :
Right to service laws : Punjab , kerala
Conclusion:
Social contract upholding and to uphold good governance citizen charter implementation becomes sine-qua-non
E governance
Def
Dig
Eg
Def : use of ICT TO DMC system for transparency, accountability and responsibility.
Dig: G2g. G2c. G2B
Eg:
DBT
UPI
INDIA STACK
SPARROW
EDUCATION: Diksha swayam
Civil services
What?
Constitutional?
Legal?
Concepts
Reforms
Full time professional handling civil affairs in non partisan manner, insuring continuity and good governance.
Constitutional:
Art 312– Rs in interest of nation
Art. 310– pleasure
Legal: AIS rules
Code of conduct
Concept
Weberian bureaucracy:
Admin class
Hierarchy
Rule based
Division of work
New public management:
Management practices
Managerial hierarchy
Outcome based
Lateral entry
Set standards
India combination:
Weberian— UPSC
NPM— karamyogi/ RTI/
Need lateral entry
Reforms:
Baswan committee
Mission karmyogi
ACR— APAR ( Sparrow)
PMES
E office
Recommend:
ARC 2nd
Imduction and mid term training
Code of ethics
1. Decentralised
2. Ppp
3. Lateral entry
4. Cc
5. E governance
District administration
Intro: fulcrum of grass root governance, headed by DM and interface between government and people.
Dig:
Reason for decline
*Loss of credibility ( collusion, criminal nexus, corruption)
*Loss of trust( red tapism, breach of social contract ( Russeou) )
- loss of importance ( PRI(73rd,74th), line departments ( parallel structures), NGO, civil society, inefficient)
Structural issues
1. Colonial legacy
2. Mai Baap Syndrome
3. Welfare patronage
4. Fragmented accountability
5. Generalist vs Specialist debate
6. Underperforming DPCs (243ZD)
Counter view
1. Efficiency underscored — Covid 19
2. Disaster relief— Amritsar DC appreciated nation wide
3. Niti Ayog Aspirational District program— highlighting the importance of district governance
4. Last mile governance— Distric Administration indispensable.
5. Election mechanisms’ corner stones: dm- MP // sdm— Mla // BDPO — Local bodies.
Emerging structures:
- LSG — decentralised 73/74
- Digital governance— Reducing human interface.
- Line departments: education, health , police — different and parallel hierarchies often centralised into ministries .
Result: District governance inherently becomes multilayered and diluting centralisation towards DM.
Way forward:
- Fixed tenure : drawing inspiration from sc judgement as held in Parkash singh vs UOI , expanding and implementing it in civil departments
- ARC —
Training : induction and mid term
Division of regulatory and departmental functioning - Santhanam Committee: Corruption
- LM singhvi Committee : to strengthen the local self government
- Bolstering e governance : to ensure transparency
- Citizen centric governance : via RTI + social audits
Conclusion: Therefore district administration stays indispensable. But reforms are required to transform it from centralised and controlling to decentralised and coordinating.
