Gram Positive

Question 1

Staphylococcus general features

Answer 1

• round-shaped, cluster of cells
• produces exotoxins, enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins (target skin)
• most are coagulase negative (except S. schleiferi coagulans)
• resistant in environment

Question 2

Staph disease patterns

Answer 2

• suppurative (purulent) cutaneous lesions
• mastitis, chronic granuloma, pyoderma
• “greasy pig disease” (exfoliative toxin)
• “bumblefoot”

Question 3

Staph treatment and control

Answer 3

• drain abscesses
• topical antiseptics
• penicillin (beta-lactam antibiotics)

Question 4

Streptococcus general features & important species

Answer 4

• chains of mother daughter pairs
• many strains are beta-hemolytic (can lyse RBC’s)
• normally in upper resp tract or mucocutaneous junction
• S. equi equi (equids only), S. equi zooepidemicus (broad host range)

Question 5

Strep disease patterns

Answer 5

• pyogenic, suppurative lesions
• mastitis, rhinopharyngitis (strangles), arthritis, septicemia, pneumonia

Question 6

Strep treatment and control

Answer 6

• drain abscesses
• penicillin
• vaccinate

Question 7

Enterococcus general features

Answer 7

• acorn shaped
• GI disease

Question 8

Enterococcus disease patterns

Answer 8

• diarrhea
• UTI (fecal innoculation)

Question 9

Enterococcus treatment and control

Answer 9

• difficult to control (multidrug resistant)
• correct compromising conditions
• penicillin

Question 10

Archanobacterium/Truperella important species

Answer 10

-Truperella pyogenes

Question 11

Archanobacterium/Truperella disease patterns

Answer 11

• traumatic or opportunisitic lesions (liver, lung, ovary)
• mastitis
• lymphadenitis
• purulent lesions

Question 12

Archanobacterium/Truperella treatment

Answer 12

• drain abscesses
• penicillin

Question 13

Bacillus features and important species

Answer 13

• Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
• forms endospores when exposed to air (weaponization)
• exotoxins (lethal toxin and edema toxin)
• progression depends on portal of entry
• geographical predispositions (central US-cattle driving trails, esp after rain fall)

Question 14

Bacillus disease patterns

Answer 14

• multiple organ dysfunction, diarrhea, edema, shock,
• hemorrhage

Question 15

Bacillus treatment

Answer 15

• penicillin
• vaccination

Question 16

Corynebacterium features and important species

Answer 16

• “palisades” type pattern
• C. pseudotuberculosis
• C. renale (urine as energy source-UTI)

Question 17

Corynebacterium disease patterns

Answer 17

• pyelonephritis, ascending urinary infections (c. renale)
• caseous lymphadenitis, pectoral abscess “pigeon breast” (c. pseudotuberculosis)

Question 18

Corynebacterium treatment

Answer 18

• drain abscesses
• penicillin
• sanitation (keep from urinating on each other)

Question 19

Erysipelothrix features and important species

Answer 19

• E. rhusiopathiae (reddening of skin/hair)
• may be acute, chronic, or asymptomatic

Question 20

Erysipelothrix disease patterns

Answer 20

• endocarditis
• septicemia
• arthritis
• “diamond skin disease” in pigs

Question 21

Erysipelothrix treatment

Answer 21

• penicillin
• vaccinate
• sanitation

Question 22

Listeria important species

Answer 22

L. monocytogenes

Question 23

Listeria disease patterns

Answer 23

• encephalitis (CNS signs)
• septicemia, keratoconjunctivitis, abortion

Question 24

Listeria treatment

Answer 24

• penicillin
• remove poor quality silage (fecal contamination)

Question 25

Rhodococcus features and important species

Answer 25

- *R. equi* - not truly coccus shaped - normally a soil-dwelling bacteria - infection through inhalation of dust particles

Question 26

Rhodococcus disease pattern

Answer 26

foal pneumonia

Question 27

Rhodococcus treatment

Answer 27

- erythromycin + rifampin (**not penicillin bc of resistance**) - fatality rate of 50% - remove foal from contaminated grounds - dust control

Question 28

Clostridium features and types

Answer 28

- forms endospores, strict anaerobe - many different exotoxins - histotoxic (organs): *C. difficile* (normal flora-imbalance), *C. perfringens, C. piliforme* - neurotoxic (CNS) species: *C. botulinum*, *C. tetani*

Question 29

Clostridium disease patterns

Answer 29

Histotoxic: -necrosis ("blackleg"), gastritis, edema, enterotoxemia Neurotoxic: -tetanus (tonic vs. clonic), botulism (flaccid paralysis)

Question 30

Clostridium treatment

Answer 30

- penicillin - antitoxin - vaccination

Question 31

Actinomyces/Dermatophilus features & important species

Answer 31

- filamentous - *Actinomyces bovis* (normal flora of oral cavity), *A. viscosus* * -Dermatophilus congolensis* (soil organism)

Question 32

Actinomyces/Dermatophilus disease patterns

Answer 32

Actinomyces: pyogranulomas, "lumpy jaw" Dermatophilus: rain scald, "strawberry" footrot, lumpy wool, "poll evil" bursitis \*both can have epidermititis (wound infection from grass awn, etc.)

Question 33

Actinomyces/Dermatophilus treatment

Answer 33

- drain abscesses - penicillin - grooming, shelter