Bacteriology > Gram Positive Bacilli > Flashcards

Gram Positive Bacilli Flashcards

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1
Q

All bacilli are gram negative except?

A

Bacillus
Clostridium
Nocardia
Actinomyces
Corynebacterium
Mycobacterium
Propionobacterium
Ersipelothrix
Listeria

BCN-ACM-PEL

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2
Q

This is a:
1. Facultative anaerobe
2. Non-motile
3. Non-encapsulated
4. Non-spore forming
5. Highly pleomorphic rods

Closely related to Mycobacterium and Nocardia

A

Corynebacterium

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3
Q

On Gram stain, it is slightly curved, gram-positive rods with nonparallel sides and slightly wider ends, producing the described “club shape”

A

Corynebacterium

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4
Q

It is Catalase and Oxidase positive, and it has a small zone of beta hemolysis on BAP (some strains are non-haemolytic)

A

Corynebacterium

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5
Q

This causes respiratory and cutaneous diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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6
Q

Part of indigenous flora of the skin and nasopharynx, associated with prosthetic join infection and has been reported to cause bloodstream infection and endocarditis.

A

Corynebacterium amycolatum

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7
Q

Most common cause of Corynebacterium-associated prosthetic valve endocarditis in adults

A

Corynebacterium jeikeium

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8
Q

Associated with respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised individuals or patients with other underlying diseases, such as COPD or DM.

A

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum

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9
Q

Causes a granulomatous lymphadenitis in humans

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

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10
Q

Part of the human skin and the nasopharynx microbiota, associated with device-related infection and has been reported in cases of endocarditis, septic arthritis, meningitis, and pneumonia.

A

Corynebacterium striatum

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11
Q

Human infections are usually acquired through contact with animals or by ingestion of unpasterized dairy products.

A

Corynebacterium ulcerans

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12
Q

Nitrate negative, catalase positive, and urease positive within minutes after inoculation on Christensen urea slant.

A

Corynebacterium urealyticum

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12
Q

Corynebacterium appearance under the microscope

A
  • Highly pleomorphic
  • Gram-positive bacillus that appears in palisades (parallel rows)
  • Individual cells lying at sharp angles/V or L formations
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13
Q

Bacterial cells exhibits a beaded formation using what stain?

A

Methylene blue staining

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14
Q

These stains are used for staining metachromatic granules

A

Neisser and Albert stains

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15
Q

The culture media used for the identification of Corynebacterium

A

BAP
CAP
CTBA
Tinsdale agar
Loeffler serum agar

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16
Q

This is composed of sheep blood, cysteine, potassium tellurite, and sodium thiosulfate.

A

Tinsdale agar

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17
Q

The positive result in Tinsdale agar for Corynebacterium

A

(+) Colonies exhibit a black color surrounded by a brown halo

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18
Q

It is a modification of Tinsdale agar

A

Cystine tellurite blood agar (CTBA)

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19
Q

(+) result on CTBA for Corynebacterium

A

(+) Exhibit a black or brown color after 48 hours of incubation

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20
Q

What species when (+), exhibit Black or brown colonies surrounded by a brown halo on CTBA

A

C. diptheriae
C. ulcerans
C. pseudotuberculosis

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21
Q

(+) Corynebacterium on Pai’s slant or Loeffler serum agar

A

(+) C. diptheriae colonies exhibit a “poached-egg” appearance

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22
Q

Observe the urease production of C. urealyticum and other species secreting the same enzyme

A

Christensen urea slant

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23
Q

It is the skin test used to determine the susceptibility of a person to diptheria. The procedure involves intradermal introduction of a small amount of diptheria toxin into arm.

A

Schick Test

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24
(+) Result in Schick test
Redness and swelling around site
25
A form of toxigenicity test
Immunodiffusion test (Elek plate test)
26
(+) Result of Immunodiffusion/Elek plate test
(+) 4mm-5mm fine white precipitin lines at a 45 degree angle to the streaks of the test organism and control organism is observed after 18-24 hours incubation at 35C
27
# T Another name for the diptheria antitocin in vivo test
Guinea pig lethal test
28
This is used for the detection of toxin genes
PCR test
29
This is recognized as an uncommon but serious infection primarly of neonates, pregnant women, older adults, and immunocompromised hosts.
Listeriosis
30
When is listeriosis most commonly seen in pregnant women during pregnancy?
Third trimester
31
When the fetus is born alive, infections of neonates with L. monocytogenes reaches fatality rates of?
50%
32
This commonly occurs in persons who are immunosuppressed or in older adults and particularly in patients receiving chemotherapy.
Invasive listeriosis
33
Specimen used for the diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes
Blood, CSF, swabs of lesions
34
In direct smears, L. monocytogenes appears as?
Gram-positive coccobacillus (becomes coccoidal with subculturing)
35
The motility test for L. monocytogenes
Wet mount/hanging drop
36
The motility exhibited by L. monocytogenes
Tumbling motility at RT
37
In SIM test, L. monocytogenes appears?
"Umbrella-shaped" or "Inverted-Christmas tree" pattern at 25C but NOT at 35C
38
Culture media used for L. monocytogenes
BAP CAP BHI Thioglycollate McBride agar Nalidixic acid medium
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Enrichment technique for L. monocytogenes
Cold enrichment (4C using broth, incubated for weeks)
40
Biochemical test for L. monocytogenes
Catalase and Motility (+) CAMP--"block-type" hemolysis (+) Hippurate and bile esculin hydrolysis (+) Growth in 6.5% NaCl (+) Glucose fermentation (+) MRVP (+) H2S production, nitrate reduction, urease (-) (ITONG TATLO LANG NEGATIVE)
41
L. monocytogenes AST?
(S) Aminoglycosides and penicillin
42
This is the only species in its genus known to cause disease in humans
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
43
What are the three types of disease in humans E. rhusiopathiae produces?
1. Erysipeloid - a localized skin disease (most common) 2. Septicemia - often associated with endocarditis 3. Generalized - diffuse cutaneous infection (rare)
44
The best specimen for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Tissue biopsies or aspirates from skin lesions
45
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae's appearance under microscope
- Thin, rod-shaped, gram (+) organism - Form long filaments - Arranged singly, in short chains, or in a "V" shape (similar w/ corynebacteria)
46
Culture media used for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
BAP CAP Nutrient broth Columbia CNA agar
47
This is done on tissue and aspirates for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Inoculated into a nutrient broth with 1% glucose and incubated in 5% CO2 at 35C
48
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: the type of colonies after 48 hours of incubation
Large and rough Small and smooth
49
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Biochemical test results
(+) H2S production (+) Glucose and lactose fermentation (-) Catalase, oxidase, esculin hydrolysis, nitrate reduction, VP, urease (CO-EN-VPU)
50
Primary human pathogen of the genus Arcanobacterium
A. haemolyticum
51
The microscopic findings of Arcanobacterium and Trueperella
- Gram (+) rods with faintly staining reaction
52
Arcanobacterium and Trueperella appearance on BAP
Smooth to rough colony appearance, grayish white with narrow zone of B-hemolysis; exhibit pitting of agar with black opaque dots under each colony
53
(+) Lipase, Lecithinase, Reverse CAMP (-) Catalase
Arcanobacterium and Trueperella
54
It is a short, pleomorphic gram-positive rod or coccobacillus that often stains gram variable or gram negative
Gardnerella vaginalis
55
Gardnerella vaginalis is often associated with ?
Bacterial vaginosis
56
This organism is rarely isolsted from other clinical sources such as blood cultures or wounds. It plays a role in UTIs in men and women.
Gardnerella vaginalis
57
The reference method for Gardnerella vaginalis
Observation of clue cells, large squamous epithelial cells with gm (+) and gm (v) bacilli and coccobacilli clustered on the edges
58
Nugent quantity and points for Lactobacillus Morphotypes (Boxy, Gm + Bacilli)
Quantity = Points 4+ = 0 3+ = 1 2+ = 2 1+ = 3 0 = 4
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Nugent quantity and points for Gardnerella and Bacteroides Morphotypes
Quantity = Points 0 = 0 1+ = 1 2+ = 2 3+ = 3 4+ = 4
60
Nugent quantity and points for Mobiluncus (Curved, Gm (v), Bacilli)
Quantity = Points 0 = 0 1+ to 2+ = 1 3+ to 4+ = 2
61
The scoring system that is more accurate for gram-stained vaginal smears in the means of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis
Nugent scoring system
62
The medium of choice for G. vaginalis, as well as its optimal growth condition?
Human Blood Bilayer Tween (HBT) agar (tumutubo din sa CAP) Grows best in 5-7% CO2 at 35-37C
63
This can also be used to diagnose bacterial vaginosis if 3 out of 4 criteria are found?
Amsel's clinical criteria
64
What are the four Amsel clinical criteria?
1. Homogenous, thin, white discharge that smoothly coats the vaginal walls 2. Clue cells 3. pH of vaginal fluid greater than 4.5 4. Fishy odor of vaginal discharge before or after addition of 10% potassium hydroxide (whiff test)
65
The four main characteristics of Nocardia
Aerobic, branched, beaded, gram-positive bacilli
66
What are the most isolated Nocardia species?
Nocardia brasiliensis Nocardia cyriacigeorgica Nocardia farcinica Nocardia abscessus complex Nocardia nova
67
The two types of infections Nocardia causes
Pulmonary and Cutaneous
68
What is the most common manifestation of pulmonary infection in Nocardia?
Confluent bronchopneumonia
69
The most frequent cause of cutaneous nocardia?
N. brasiliensis
70
The specimen used in the laboratory diagnosis of Nocardia?
Biopsy or drainage material from actinomycetoma Sputum Bronchoalveolar lavage Lung tissue Transthoracic aspirate of a nodule or abscess CSF and blood
71
It is gram-positive, beaded, has branching filaments
Nocardia
72
Culture media that can be used for Nocardia
1. BAP, CAP 2. BHI, TMA, SDA 3. Middlebrook 4. Potato dextrose agar 5. LJ 6. Litmus milk and Tap water agar
73
Optimal growth conditions of Nocardia
It grows well on most common non selective media - Incubated between 22 - 37C - 3-6 days or more may pass before growth is seen
74
This species if Nocardia is both Casein and Tyrosine Hydrolysis positive (+)
N. brasiliensis
75
This Nocardial species grows at 45C
N. farcinica
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The species of Nocardia that is Gelatin hydrolysis (+)
N. brasiliensis
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This Nocardial species is (+) in the Opacification of Middlebrook agar
N. farcinica
78
The main characteristics of BACILLUS
Spore-forming, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is isolated in soil.
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Bacillus are motile with peritrichous flagella except?
B. anthracis and B. mycoides
80
The microscopy of Bacillus?
Large, boxcar morphology, gram (+) rods with clear unstained central spore/empty space
81
General biochem result of Bacillus
Catalase and VP (+), some may exhibit glucose fermentation
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What are the common isolates of Bacillus?
B. anthracis B. cereus B. subtilis B. thuringiensis B. pumilus B. licheniformis
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What are the clinically significant species of Bacillus?
B. anthracis B. cereus B. thuringiensis B. mycoides
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These are the common human pathogens under Bacillus
B. anthracis and B. cereus
85
Bacillus anthracis grows in a (), produces (), and ferments ()
Bacillus anthracis grows in a low pH environment, produces lecithinase, and ferments glucose.
86
When penicillin is added, B, anthracis produces () appearance
string of pearl
87
The 4 types of anthrax
Cutaneous, Pulmonary, Gastrointestinal, Injection
88
The microscopy of B. anthracis
Gram (+), Large, Encapsulated, and Square-ended rod "Bamboo fishing rod" appearance with unstained central spore
89
B. anthracis appearance on BAP
Medusa head colonies with swirling projections, and gamma-haemolytic; exhibit "beaten egg white" appearance
90
What happened in the USA in 2001 that gave B. anthracis the label of "biological weapon of mass destruction"
Anthrax letters were given out
91
The specimen used in the diagnosis of B. anthracis?
Malignant pustule, sputum, stool, CSF, blood
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What BSL is B. anthracis?
BSL-3
93
The CDC recommendation for specimen collection of B. anthracis?
- Collect 2 separate swabs (1 for culuteu, 1 for PCR) - Swab should be pre-moistensed with sterile saline
94
Sample transportation for when there is no access to clinical lab facility?
Should be transported at 2-8C, while -70C is best for molecular assay
95
Spore stains used in B. anthracis?
Malachite green and McFadyean stain
96
Capsule stains for B. anthracis?
India ink (blood or CSF spx)
97
Culture media used for B. anthracis
CAP Egg yolk agar PEA PLET Bicarbonate agar Nutrient broth
98
The appearance of B. anthracis in gelatin medium?
Inverted-pine-tree
99
B. anthracis cultures can be incubated with increased CO2 in order to?
Stimulate capsule formation
100
Another confirmation for the presence of B. anthracis
Direct Fluorescent antibody (DFA)
101
This detects thermostable anthrax antigens, uses rabbit antiserum to observe precipitin formation
Ascoli Test/Precipitin Test
102
How is Ascoli Test performed and what is the (+) result?
2g sample in 5mL saline placed in a 1/100 final concentration of acetic acid (+) Formation of precipitation band after less than 15 mins
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This causes food poisoning, most commonly encountered species in opportunistic infections that causes eye and ear infections.
B. cereus
104
B. cereus is resistant to () but susceptible to ()
Penicillin, Vancomycin
105
B. cereus appearance on BAP?
Colonies are large, feathery, beta-hemolytic with spreading growth and "frosted-glass" appearance
106
The basic biochem results of B. cereus are?
(+) Lecithinase and Salicin fermentation Glucose fermenter
107
The best specimen for isolation of B. cereus
Suspected contaminated food (>= 105 cells/gram)
108
B. cereus is a gram (+) rod found in?
Soil, Dust, Raw food
109
How does B. cereus produce toxins?
If rice is cooked and left at RT, the spores germinate and multiply producing toxins
110
# ``` ``` The two types of food poisoning caused by B. cereus?
Emetic = FRIED RICE SYNDROME (nausea, vomitting) Diarrheal = meat, vegetables, sauces, pasta, dairy
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When cooked rice is left at RT (causing EMETIC food poisoning), the toxin produced is called?
Cerellulite (heat-stable)
112
On-set of symptoms of emetic food poisoning through B. cereus ingestion?
1-6 hours after ingestion
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The toxin present when a patient has diarrheal food poisoning caused by B. cereus?
Heat-labile Enterotoxin (killed by heat)
114
On-set of symptoms for Diarrhea caused by B. cereus?
8-16 hours after ingestion
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