Grammar

Question 1

Conjunctions that require the subjunctive

Answer 1

1. a menos que
2. andes (de) que
3. con tal (de) que
4. en caso (de) que
5. para que
6. sin que
   (if there is no change of subject in the sentence, always use the infinitive after the prepositions para and sin, and drop the que
   (if the action in the main clause has not yet occurred, then the subjunctive is used after conjunctions of time or concession) + (if they action in the main clause has already happened or happens habitually, then the indicative is used in the adverbial clause) –> subjunctive or indicative can be used after these conjunctions: a pesar de que, aunque, cuando, después (de) que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego (de) que, mientras que, siempre que, tan pronto como

Question 2

The Past Subjunctive

Answer 2

El pretérito imperfecto del subjunctivo of all verbs is formed by dropping the -ron ending from the ustedes/ellos/ellas form of the preterite and adding the past subjunctive endings (ra, ras, ra, ramos, rais, ran)
- Verbs that have stem changes or irregularities in the ustedes/ellos/ellas form of the preterite have those same irregularities in all forms of the past subjunctive
*pedir –> pidieron –> pidiera, pidieras, etc
* sentir –> sintieron –> sintiera, sintieras, etc
* dormir –> durmieron –> durmiera, etc
* influir –> influyeron –> influyera, etc
* saber, –> supieron –> supiera, etc
*ir/ser –> fueron –> fuera, etc
(In spain and other parts of the spanish-speaking world, the past subjunctive is also used with an alternate set of endings (-se, -ses, -se, -semos, -seis, -sen)
Use the past subjunctive: required in the same context as the present subjunctive, except that the point of reference is the past. When the verb in the main clause is in the past, the verb in the subordinate clause is in the past subjunctive.
- The expression, “como si” (as if) is always followed by the past subjunctive
- the past subjunctive is commonly ued with querer to make polite requests, to express wishes, or to soften statements

Question 3

El preterito perfecto

Answer 3

(present perfect tense) - expresses what hass happened - refers to recently completed actions or to a past that still bears relevance to the present
:Form the present perfect with the present tense of the verb haber and a past participle. Regular past participles are formed by adding -ado to the stem of -ar verbs and -ido to the stem of -er and -ir verbs
To express something that has just happened, use acabar de + (infinitive), not the present perfect

• When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a,e, or o, the past participle requires a written accent (ído) to maintain the correct stress. No accent mark is needed for stems ending in u
  ex: ca-er –> caído
  le-er –> leído
  o-ír –> oído
  construir –> construido

Verbs with irregular past participles
1. abrir–> abierto
2. cubrir –> cubierto
3. decir –> dicho
4. descubrir –> descubierto
5. escribir –> escrito
6. hacer –> hecho
7. morir –> muerto
8. poner –> puesto
9. resolver –> resuelto
10. romper –> roto
11. ver –> visto
12. volver –> vuelto

*in the present perfect, pronouns and the word “no” precede the verb haber

Question 4

El pretérito perfecto del subjunctivo

Answer 4

haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan
The present perfect subjunctive is used to refer to recently completed actions or past actions that still bear relevance in the present. It is used mainly in the subordinate clause of a sentence whose main clause expresses will, emotion, doubt, or uncertainty