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grammar Flashcards

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1
Q

pronomi relativi: il cui/la cui/le cui/i cui meaning

A
  • means WHOSE

‘il ragazzo, la cui sorella è una mia cara amica

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2
Q

pronomi relativi: il quale/ la quale/ i quali / le quali meaning

A
  • used to replace che/cui in a more formal register
  • proceeded by an article

‘Giovanna e Mario, con il quale ho condiviso un appartamento’

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3
Q

pronomi relativi: il che meaning

A
  • means WHICH
  • used to replace previous sentences and facts as it refers to the whole previous sentence.
  • is invariable
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4
Q

pronomi relativi: quello che/ ciò che meaning

A
  • means THAT WHICH/ WHAT
  • the English ‘what’ - I don’t understand what you are saying

‘non capisco quello che/ ciò che dici’

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5
Q

pronomi relativi: queli che meaning

A
  • means THOSE WHO
  • used with the plural
  • coloro che also an equivalent
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6
Q

how to form il trapassato remoto

A

passato remoto of essere/avere + past participle

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7
Q

how to form il trapassato prossimo

A

imperfect of essere/avere + past participle

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8
Q

the passive: when to use venire

A
  • emphasise the process
  • 100% equivalent to essere
  • cannot be used with composed tenses - passato prossimo
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9
Q

the passive: when to use andare

A
  • for an instruction, must, equivalent to ‘dove essere’

- cannot be used with composed tenses - passato prossimo

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10
Q

congiunzioni: sia/sia meaning

A

both/ and

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11
Q

congiunzioni: né/né

A

neither/nor

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12
Q

articolo determinativo: when not to use article with school subjects

A

with the verbs PARLARE & STUDIARE

- a scuola ho studiato storia

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13
Q

articolo determinativo & superlatives

A

only use the article once

- Paravotti era IL tenore (il) più famosi del mondo

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14
Q

articolo determinativo & companies, institution names

A

always feminine

- la BBC, la Fiat, l’ONU

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15
Q

articolo determinativo & dates

A

always IL
or in –> nel 2004
in the 50’s –> negli anni 50

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16
Q

articolo determinativo & cities (3)

A

NOT USED unless the city is followed by an adjective
- Parliamo della Roma imperiale.

with ‘il’ can be referring to the football team
- Il Torino ha giocato

with ‘la’ to talk about the city in a certain way, ‘the city that I remember/ of my childhood’
- La Napoli della mia infanzia.

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17
Q

articolo determinativo & professions

A
  • used with professions

- not with the verb essere –> ‘Luciano è programmatore’

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18
Q

articolo determinativo & titles

A
  • used with titles but not when talking directly to them
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19
Q

articolo determinativo & dates (2)

A
  • used with dates, years, centuries
  • used with the days of the week to indicate a habit, something you do every Monday for example : Il lunedì vado in piscina.
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20
Q

condizionale: non confermato

A
  • used to express news or facts believed to be true but not proven/ confirmed
  • used by the media
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21
Q

condizionale: futuro nel passato

A
  • references to the future when in the past, there are two situations, one in the past and one in the future
  • PAST CONDITIONAL USED (conditional + past participle)
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22
Q

preposition used in the passive

A

DA

  • means by
  • combines with the articles of the object - preposizione articolate
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23
Q

how is the passive usually formed

A

ESSERE + past participle

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24
Q

how is the passive in the passato prossimo formed

A

essere present + essere past participle + the past participle of the original structure

  • last two agree in gender & number
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25
what verbs is the passive voice formed with
- transitive verbs | - those with an object
26
the passive: meaning of DA + infinitive
- must be, equivalent to : Deve essere
27
the passive: the past & infinitives
essere (in the infinitive) + essere's past participle + the past participle
28
the passive: andare & venire + compound tenses
cannot be used with composed tenses, e.g. the passato prossimo
29
Avere passato remoto
``` ebbi avesti ebbe avemmo aveste ebbero ```
30
Essere passato remoto
``` fui fosti fu fummo foste furono ```
31
when to use in trapassato prossimo
(imperfect essere/avere + pp) - when something happened before something else in the past
32
when to use the trapassato remoto (3)
(passato remoto essere/avere + pp) - in literary contexts - to refer to events, experiences or facts that happened or were already completed before a point of reference in the past - in each trapassato remoto sentence there will be an expression of time
33
pronomi relativi: which
IL CHE
34
pronomi relativi : whose
IL CUI LA CUI I CUI LE CUI
35
l'infinitivo: rules with subjects (grammar)
- the infinitive can be used as a SUBJECT, used as a noun: 'nuotare è la Mia passione' - the infinitive can be used as a SUBJECT in IMPERSIONAL SENTENCES, with the formula : È + ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE, with no 'di' : è bello avere molti amici
36
l'infinitivo: rules with objects
- the infinite can be used as an object after verbs such as ODIARE, AMARE & PREFERIRE : odio mangiare a pedi
37
l'infinitivo: after which prepositions is the infinite often used? (2)
- the infinitive is used after prepositions, often DI & A - DI is always used with verbs expressing opinion when the subject is the same in the principle and secondary clause. If they are not the same, the subjunctive is used.
38
l'infinitivo: dopo, senza & fare (2)
- infinite used after sense & dopo | - also used after fare, meaning to make or let someone do something: ho fatto guider la mia macchina a Mike
39
l'infinitivo: after which kind of verbs is the infinitive always used (2)
- modal verbs | - perceptions verbs: e.g. sentire, vedere
40
l'inifinito &the imperative (2)
- used with negative TU : non guardare quel film | - in instructions & recipes
41
7 nouns which change gender in the plural
``` il carcere (prison) - le carceri il paio (pair) - le paia il riso (laughter) - le risa l'uovo (egg) - le uova il centinaio (hundred) - le centinaia il migliaio (thousand) - le migliaia il miglio (mile) - le miglia ```
42
endings: body parts which change gender in the plural (8)
``` il braccio (arm) - le braccia il cervello (brain) - le cervella il ciglio (eyelash) - le ciglia il dito (finger) - le dita il labbro (lip) - le labbra il membro (member, as in body part) - le membra l'osso (bone) - le ossa il budello (bowel) - le budella ```
43
nomi alterati: diminutivi (3)
INO ETTO ELLO (icelllo - piccolo - vicino - bellino)
44
nomi alterati : accrescitivi
ONE - when feminine nouns take this suffix they often become masculine: una donna --> un donnone
45
nomi alterati: vezzeggiativi (6) cute
``` INO ETTO UCCIO ELLO ULINO ICINO ```
46
nomi alteri: peggiorativi (3)
ACCIO ATSO UCOLO
47
Si impersonale: what are the 4 groups the si impersonate is split into
``` 1 - intransitive verbs 2 - Si passivante (transitive verbs) 3 - reflexive verbs 4 - si + essere + adjective 5 - pronouns + si ```
48
Si impersonale: what are the common intransitive verbs | 5
``` ESSERE ANDARE STARE VENIRE DIVENIRE ```
49
Si impersonale: intransitive verbs - what is the impersonal construction
SI + 3rd PERSON SINGLUAR - in GB la gente SI VA al pub
50
Si impersonale: intransitive verbs and the past | 2
- always takes ESSERE - with intransitive verbs, essere is always in the singular and the past participle is always in the masculine plural --> 'l'anno scorso si è andati ...'
51
Si impersonale: intransitive vers, what happens to verbs which usually take avere in the past? (composed tenses)
- they still take essere, but the past participle finishes in O all the time, does not accord even though it is with essere
52
Si impersonale: si passivante - what is the impersonal construction (transitive)
SI + verb which agrees with the object
53
Si impersonale & reflexive verbs/ pronouns
to avoid SI SI the first 'si' changes to CI CI SI
54
Si impersonale: reflexive verbs and composed tenses
- the same as intransitive verbs, always ESSERE with the past participle in the masculine plural
55
Si impersonale: SI + essere + adjective | 2
- essere can be replaced by another copulative verb such as : divenire, diventare, nascere or morire - the verb is always in the SINGULAR and the adjective is always in the PLURAL --> quando si ama, si è felici
56
Si impersonale and pronouns
pronouns go before the si impersonale
57
I congiunzioni: therefore (5)
- perciò - dunque - pertanto - quindi - allora
58
I congiunzioni: however (3)
- tuttavia - eppure - ma
59
I congiunzioni : although (3)
- sebbene * - benché * - seppure *
60
I congiunzioni : seeing as (2)
- poichè | - dato che
61
I congiunzioni : as long as (2)
- purché | - finché - time
62
I congiunzioni : time (5)
- quando - mentre - appena - dopo - prima (prima che*)
63
I congiunzioni : or (4)
- oppure - altrimenti - o - ovvero
64
I congiunzioni : not even (i) (2)
- neppure - neanche - nemmeno
65
I congiunzioni : given that
siccome
66
I congiunzioni : that is to say, in other words (3)
- cioé - ovvero - ossia
67
I congiunzioni : and (4)
- anche - e - inoltre - pure
68
I congiunzioni: and yet
eppure
69
I congiunzioni: except
tranne
70
I congiunzioni: everywhere
ovunque
71
I congiunzioni: in order that (2)
- affinché * | - perché *
72
I congiunzioni : so that (3)
- di manera che * - di modo che * - talmente che *
73
I congiunzioni: as if
- come se * | - comunque *
74
il congiuntivo: what are the subjunctive tenses
1 - present 2 - passato (present subjunctive + past participle) 3 - imperfetto 4 - trapassato (imperfect subjunctive + past participle)
75
il congiuntivo: when to use the subjunctive in the subordinate clause 6
verbs which express: - sentimiento - opinione - dubbio - volonta also with : - impersonal verbs and expressions - impersonal essere + adjective, adverbs or noun
76
il congiuntivo: sentimiento subjunctive triggers
temere, avere paure, piacere, dispiacere, sperare, vergognarsi essere contento/triste/felice
77
il congiuntivo: opinione subjunctive triggers
pensare, credere, ritenere, sostenere, supporre, avere l'impressione
78
il congiuntivo: dubbio subjunctive triggers
dubitare, non essere certo/ sicuro
79
il congiuntivo: volontà subjunctive triggers
volere, desiderare, pretendere, preferire, ordinare, vietare
80
il congiuntivo: impersonal verb of expression triggers
basta, bisogna, conviene, occorre, pare, sembra
81
il congiuntivo: impersonal essere + adjective, adverb or noun exception
'è certo che' always take the INDICATIVE
82
il congiuntivo: subordinate conjunctions which trigger the subjunctive 12
- benché, malgrado , nonostante, sebbene - affinché - purché, a patto che, a condizione che - nel case che - senza che - a meno che non - prima che
83
il congiuntivo: the indefinite adjective and pronouns which trigger the subjunctive 4
chiunque comunque dovunque qualunque
84
il congiuntivo: when can the subjunctive be used in the primary clause/
with MAGARI & SE SOLO - no need for CHE - -> Se solo non piovesse
85
il congiuntivo: when to use il congiuntivo imperfetto
when the verb in the principle clause is in the past or in the conditional
86
il congiuntivo: when to use il congiuntivo passato
(subjunctive present + past participle) - when the verb in the principle clause is in the present or future
87
il congiuntivo: when to use il congiuntivo trapassato
(imperfect subjunctive + past participle). - when the verb in the principle clause is in the past or conditional
88
il congiuntivo: in what case is the congiuntivo imperfect used with present
to underline a 'continual' quality - something that went on for a while:: --> credo che ieri piovesse
89
il gerundio: endings
are : ando | ire/ere: endo
90
il gerundio: the irregulars 7
- formed with the imperfect stem - facendo - dicendo - bevendo - ponendo - traendo - conducendo - traducendo
91
il gerundio: the uses
- temporale (whilst) - modale (by doing) - causale (since, seeing as) - ipotetica (if) - concessiva (despite)
92
il gerundio: avere/essere
avere - avendo | essere - essendo
93
il gerundio: how is the past formed
essendo/ avendo + past participle
94
il gerundio: how is the concessiva (despite) form formed
PUR + gerundio --> Pur amando gli animali, ho una gran paura dei cani
95
when to use il passato remoto
- when the action has NO LINK with the present | - its a psychological difference
96
il passato remoto: rule with NACERE
- only use the passato remoto with the verb NACER when the person is now dead --> mia nonna nacque nel 1911: she is now dead --> mia nonna è nata nel 1911: she is still alive
97
plural of la spiaggia
le spiagge
98
plural of la moschea
le moschee
99
is pianeta mas or fem
masculine il pianeta
100
proverb + _____ | preposition
provere A
101
articles and countries
the article is used with countries but not with the preposition 'IN': vivo in Italia
102
which conhguinzioni subordinative take the subjunctive | 7
- sebbene (therefore - nonostante (therefore) - benché (therefore) - affinché (so that) - perché (so that) - Prima che - senza che
103
what are the two different uses of the participio passato
1 - to mean 'dopo che', after used in proverbs 2 - as an adjective
Italian 2
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