comparative- superlative
1- one-syllable: W + er / est : prettier /nicest
1-1 ending in ed : more/ most + W
*more pleased / confused
2- two-syllable:
2-1 ending in consonant Y: W+ er /est :
*busier / luckier / sillier / happier
2-2 ending in ful / less/ ing /ed : more/ most + W
*more polite / gentle / careful / boring /foolish
3- three-syllable and longer: more / most +W
*more elegant / reliable
4- adverb same form of adj : W + er / est
* earlier / nearer / longer
4-1 adverb ending in ly : more/ most + W
* more easily / nicely /steadily
4-2 far = further / furthest
5- compare quantities : more - most- less- least
* Emma caused the least trouble
example of comparative
- we go out less often this days
- this bed is a bit more comfortable
- the business is rather better this year
- I’m the least musical person in the world. I’m afraid
- these are ,slightly/a bit/rather/far/much/a little, less
good - as each new problem arose, we felt less and less enthusiastic
- she once hated flying but now she feels less nervous about it
the faster , the better
-there is no time to loose , the faster you drive the better
-are u looking for a cheap holiday? yes the cheaper the better
- the more customer complain, the ruder and more unpleasant the manager become
collocations
-find less attractive
-feel less optimistic / nervous
-avoid traffic jams
-missed / catch the train/ connection
-afford to travel first class
-seeing the sight
-dinner was left half eaten
-pay debs
past progressive گذشته استمراری
present continues حال استمراری
- while I was making breakfast for my children she called فقط گذشته استمراری با while
- when we were having dinner the phone rang
با when هردو میاید
this time last year I was living in Italy
——– - more and more / easier and easier
نشانه های حال استمراری هستند
Used to + V
to be used to + V ing /یا ضمیر
get used to + V ing /یا ضمیر
We used to eat at this restaurant several times
- we didn’t used to have computers in our office
قبلا - با دفعه یا طول استفاده نمیشود - ## I used to live in Shiraz for three years غلط است
- I am used to driving in Tehran
- I wasn’t used to working in a large city
-ingعادت داشتن - فعل بعد با - ## I am used to it
- don’t worry you will get used to eating Italian food
- I got used to leaving alone when I was a student
شروع آشنایی و عادت به عملی
Has gone
has been
- Helen has gone to Mexico
نقل مکان - Helen has been to Mexico
مسافرت کرده
have you ever been to India
Past perfect بعید
past perfect progressive بعید استمراری
شرط استفاده ار ماضی بعید دو عمل در گذشته است که یکی قبل دیگری باشد
- after Jim had done his homework, he watched TV
- by the time I arrived at the airport the plane had just left
after, before, when, by the time, yet, already, just در بعید بکار میرود
تقدم و تاخر مهم است عقبتر بعید است
—-–————————-
- had you been waiting long, before the taxi arrived?
- I felt tired because I had been working all day
تقدم و تاخر مهم است عقبتر بعید استمراری است
فرقش با گذشته استمراری اینست که در بعید دو قسمت علت و معلول هستند ولی استمراری دو قسمت ربطی ندارد فقط عمل اول با دوم قطع شده
آینده
simple future
future progressive استمراری
future perfect کامل
future perfect progressive کامل استمراری
- I feel a bit hungry I think I’ll have something to eat
تصمیم ناگهانی در اینده - she’s going to have a meal with her friends
(قصد داشته، الان که یه خبری بشه ، هشدار)
——— - don’t call me between 7:00 and 8:00 I’ll be having dinner then
انجام عملی در زمان خاص در اینده
———- - we are late, the play will have started by the time we get to the theater (by the time, by)
- some scientists believe that they will have discovered a cure for most types of cancer by 2050
انجام عملی که در آینده تمام شده است
———– - by the next April I will have been training at this gym for 10 years (by , for)
تا زمان خاصی در اینده در حال انجام بوده و ادامه خواهد داشت
Possessive can be used to say when and how long
and
in long phrases, we use of
- last week’s concert
- in two months’ time
- a week’s wages
- in a week’s time یک هفته ای
- the address of those people we met in Spain
if present simple + will/might/can/ .. modal verbs
if present simple + present simple
if present continues or present perfect + will
if will + will (make a request)
- if we hurry we will catch the train
- if you pass this switch the light comes on
- if we are expecting visitors, the flat will need a good clean
- if you have finished with the vacuum cleaner I will put it away
- if you will just wait a moment I will find someone to help you(Please wait a moment)
on + months
in + months
- on July 1st the zoo is open
زمان دقیق - we open the zoo in July
زمان بصورت کلی
noun clause
جمله واره اسمی
نقش فاعل یا مفعول را در جمله دارد ولی معنی مستقل ندارد و میتوان انرا با یه چیزی جایگزین کرد
that, what, whatever, who, whoever, when, whenever, whom, whomever, where, why, where, wherever, which, whichever با اینها هم ساخته میشود
whether(همه جای جمله), if (وسط جمله)
- whether he is a dentist or not is not clear
- “where” turn to “where ever” if comes at the first of the sentence
- how he passed the test amazed everyone
- do you know what month it is? سوالی
- it is not clear why he got so angry
ضمایر موصولی
relative pronouns
جلوی فاعل یا مفعول جمله اصلی مینشیند
who فاعلی - انسان
–the man who lives next door is a well-known lawyer بلافاسله بعدش فعل میاید
whom مفعولی - انسان
– the doctor whom I wanted to see was on vacation
بلافاسله بعدش فاعل بعد فعل میاید
which فاعلی و مفعولی - جیوان واشیا
– This is the computer which gave me a lot of trouble
whose ملکی - انسان و حیوان و اشیا - با که اَش میاید ، گربه ای که دمش
– I met a man whose father knows you well
“that” replace all except whose
جایی که قبلش ویرگول باشد نمیتواند بیایید
- the Titanic, that people said was unthinkable, sank on her maiden voyage- which people درست نیست
ضمایر موصولی در نقش مفعول قابلیت حذف دارند
اگر بعد از ضمیر موصولی، فعل بیاید، آنگاه ضمیر موصولی در نقش ضمیر فاعلی ظاهر شده است
اگر بعد از ضمیر فعل نباشد و اسم یا ضمیر بیاید، آنگاه ضمیر موصولی نقش ضمیر مفعولی را دارد
adj clause
جمله واره توصیفی
با استفاده از ضمایر موصولی ساخته میشود
اطلاعات اضافه در مورد چیزی یا فردی میدهد و بعد از اسم می اید
- the woman whose car you bought is a famous architect
برای ساخت برخی جمله واره های توصیفی نیاز به حرف اضافه است که میتواند قبل ضمیر موصولی قرار بگیرد
- this is the doll which my daughter often plays with
- this is the doll with which my daughter often plays
** ‘where’ and ‘when’ can be replaced with ‘in which’
which + حرف اضافه
- the theater where/ in which I first acted is somewhere around here
- do you know the year in which/ when the 1st Western film was made?
معنی که توش میدهد
that نمیتواند جای ضمایر موصولی که در ان حرف اضافه به کار رفته استفاده شود
- Germany is the city in that he was born غلط
**(ضمیر مفعولی نمیتواند استفاده شود)ضمیر موصولی + of + کمیت نما
I read a number of articles .most of them(ضمیر مفعولی) were useful
- I read a number of articles most of which were useful
- I met 2 little boys yesterday both/none of whom were intelligent
** جمله واره توصیفی اگر بین دو ویرگول بیایید غیر ضروری و قابل حذف است
** جمله واره توصیفی قابل کوتاه شدن است در صورتیکه:
ضمیر موصولی نقش فاعلی داشته باشد *
in which قبل ان حرف اضافه نباشد مثل *
قابل حذف نیست whose *
به جمله اشاره نکند *
1- حذف ضمیر موصولی
2- to be حذف فعل کمکی
3- v + ing در صورت عدم وجود فعل کمکی ، فعل اصلی تبدیل به فعل با
- a woman (who is) wearing a brown scarf is a doctor
- I don’t know the secretary (who works) working in your office
** The man whom you visited yesterday is my uncle
قابل حذف نیست چون مفعولی است
passive verbs
حال / گذشته ساده
: we are/were invited to their parties
حال / گذشته استمراری
: we are/were being invited to their party
modal:
: we will /may/ could/ should be invited to their party.
آینده- آینده کامل
: we will /are going to be invited to their party
: we will have been invited to their party
نقلی:
: we have been invited to their party
بعید:
: he had been invited to their party
لازم مجهول نمیشوند- intransitive افعال
این افعال به مفعول نیاز ندارند
***disappeared مجهول نمیشود
sleep , laugh , purr , run , sail, talk , wait , sit
causative verbs افعال سببی
and
passive causative مجهول افعال سببی
- make مجبور کردن
مصدر بدون to
they made me work hard
مجهول با مصدر کامل درست میشود
مجهول: I was made to work hard - have خواستن
مصدر بدون to
the manager had everyone fill out a form - force و get متقاعد کردن
مصدر کامل
get Jack to help us if you can
ساخته میشود وبا مفعول غیر انسانی have , get سببی مجهول با افعال
I had/got my car repaired yesterday
we are going to have/get our house painted next week
- noun suffix
-ance: . Examples: assistance, importance, endurance.
-ment: Examples: movement, agreement, investment.
-ence: Examples: existence, confidence, reference.
-ity: Examples: electricity, creativity, possibility.
-ness: Examples: happiness, darkness, kindness.
-tion or -sion: Examples: creation, decision, tension.
vision(N,V)
-er: Examples: teacher, dancer, writer.
-ist: Examples: scientist, artist, optimist.
-ism: Examples: Buddhism, realism
-ship: Examples: citizenship, friendship
-hood: Examples: Childhood
- adj suffix
-able: : readable, breakable, comfortable.
-al: : national, personal, emotional.
-ful: : beautiful, peaceful, grateful.
-ible : edible, visible, flexible.
-ic: : athletic, artistic, scientific.
-ish: : reddish, tallish, childish.
-less : helpless, hopeless, thoughtless.
-ous : dangerous, famous, poisonous, envious
-y : rainy, sporty, messy, scary.
ed : interested, exhausted
ing : interesting, exhausting
- verb suffix
-ate: activate, hypnotize, cultivate.
-en: brighten, widen, fasten, sadden, strengthen.
-ify: intensify, classify, personify.
-ize: recognize, energize, organize.
-en: darken, hasten, strengthen.
