Subordinate Clauses: Result Clause, Purpose Clause, Relative Clause, Relative Clause of Characteristic, Relative Clause of Purpose
•SETS OUT WHAT HAPPENED BECAUSE OF SOME PREVIOUS ACTION OR EVENT
- Her milkshakes were so good that they brought all the boys to the yard.
- Magister tantam vocem habebat ut pueri parvi timerent (The master had such a loud voice that the small boys were afraid)
•DEFINES WHAT SOMEONE IS INTENDING TO ACHIEVE BY A PARTICULAR COURSE OF ACTION
- The teacher went to the grammar dungeon to check on the idiots there.
- Servi ad forum ierunt ut cibum emerent (The slaves went to the forum to buy food)
•INCLUDES A MAIN CLAUSE MODIFIED BY ITS SUBORDINATE CLAUSE WHICH INCLUDES THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
- The Doctor, who saved the universe countless times, awaits in his T.A.R.D.I.S.
- Mortuus est Caesar, de quo hic liber multa dicit (Caesar, about whom this book says many things, has died)
•RELATIVE CLAUSES WHERE A SUBJUNCTIVE DESCRIBES THE CHARACTER RATHER THAN THE ACTIONS OF THE ANTECEDENT
- Dolores Umbridge is the kind of villain worthy to be hated.
- Ea est Romana gens quae victa quiescere nesciat (The race of the Romans is one of the kind that does not know how to rest under defeat)
•RELATIVE CLAUSES WHICH SPECIFY THE PURPOSE OF AN ACTION
- The teacher picked up the Grammar Hammer to whack the student.
- Milites misit qui hostes interficerent (He sent the soldiers to kill the enemy)
Independent Subjunctive Uses: Subjunctive, Jussive, Hortatory, Deliberative, Optative
- USED TO SHOW THINGS THAT MAY OR MIGHT HAPPEN OR HAVE HAPPENED
- USED TO GIVE AN “ORDER” OR URGE AN ACTION IN THE THIRD PERSON
- Let him leave!
- Ne effugiat! (Don’t let him flee!)
•USED TO GIVE AN “ORDER” OR URGE AN ACTION IN THE FIRST PERSON
- Let us eat lettuce!
- Romam eamus (Let us go to Rome)
•USED TO SHOW CONSIDERATION OVER AN UNCERTAIN SITUATION
- What should the lazy student do?
- Quid faciamus? (What are we to do?)
•USED TO DEMONSTRATE WISHES FOR THE FUTURE OR REGRETS OVER THE PAST
- If only the mother had found her missing child.
- Utinam milites nostri inimicos superent! (May our soldiers conquer the enemy!)
The Indirects: Indirect Statements, Indirect Questions, Indirect Commands
•USED TO SHOW THAT A STATEMENT HAS BEEN INDIRECTLY SAID
- My friend said that he would show tomorrow.
- Nuntii clamaverunt Caesarem urbem appropinquare (The messengers shouted that Caesar was approaching the city)
•USED TO SHOW THAT A QUESTION HAS BEEN INDIRECTLY ASKED
- I don’t understand why you are laughing.
- Milites agricolam rogaverunt cur uxorem e foro traheret (The soldiers asked the farmer why he was dragging his wife out of the forum)
•USED TO SHOW THAT A DEMAND HAS BEEN INDIRECTLY GIVEN
- The teacher told the boys not to do other homework in his class.
- Nos rogat ut maneamus (He is asking us to stay)
Verbs Not Being Verbs: Gerund, Gerundive, Supine
•VERBAL NOUN
- Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
- “Ars loquendi” non amittitur (The art of speaking is not lost)
•VERBAL ADJECTIVE
- She came to read books.
- Iniuria et non ferenda facta est (An injury not to be borne has been done)
•VERBAL NOUN WITH ONLY ACCUSATIVE AND ABLATIVE CASES
- I thought his letter was going to be returned.
- Mirabile dictu est. (It is marvelous to relate.)
Passive Periphrastic, Deponent
•EXPRESSES A SENSE OF OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY
- The teacher must be sacrificed.
- Karthago delenda est. (Carthage must be destroyed)
•VERBS THAT LOOK PASSIVE BUT TRANSLATE ACTIVE
1. Caesar viro senecto loquetur (Caesar will speak to the old man)
Special Cases: Vocative, Locative
•USED WHEN SOMEONE IS BEING DIRECTLY ADDRESSED
- Sarah! Where’s the cow?
- Et tu, Brute!
•USED TO INDICATE PLACE WHERE AND WAS FOR THE NAMES OF TOWNS, CITIES, ISLANDS AND CERTAIN NOUNS
- There has been much anger in places such as Baltimore and Ferguson.
- Heri Romae magnus tumultus erat (Yesterday there was much uproar in Rome)
Genitive Uses: Partitive Genitive, Genitive With Adjectives
•USED FOR THE LARGER WHOLE OF WHICH SOMETHING IS A PART OF
- It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.
- “satis temporis” (enough time)
•CASE USED TO DESCRIBE
- Oliver was a student of the greatest foolishness.
- Diana dea magnae sapientiae est (Diana is a goddess of great wisdom)
Genitives with Verbs: Genitive With Impersonal Verbs, Genitive With Verbs of Remembering or Forgetting
•CASE TAKEN BY CERTAIN IMPERSONAL VERBS OF EMOTION WHERE ENGLISH USES A DIRECT OBJECT
- She is absolutely disgusted with you.
- De matrice numquam detrahendus est sanguis (One ought never let blood from the womb)
•CASE TAKEN BY APPARENTLY TRANSITIVE VERBS
- Are you forgetful of the time the teacher threw a paper ball at the student?
- veterisque memor Saturnia belli (Juno mindful of old wars)
Moods: Imperative, Indicative, Subjunctive
• USED FOR DIRECT COMMANDS
- Go jump over a cliff!
- Surgite!
•USED TO INDICATE A FACT
- The teacher told the student to leave the room.
- quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes (Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks even when they offer gifts)
•USED TO EXPRESS AN ELEMENT OF UNCERTAINTY
- Were I a queen, I would have a golden throne.
- Requiescat in pace (May (s)he rest in peace)
Datives with People: Dative of Possession, Dative of Purpose, Dative of Agent, Dative of Reference
•USED TO SHOW TO WHOM SOMETHING BELONGS
- For you my name is Mister Bob.
- Nomen mihi Marcus est (My name is Mark)
•CASE USED TO SHOW THE PURPOSE OF SOMEONE OR SOMETHING
- The sword fashioned by the teacher was made for whacking students who conjugated declensions and declined conjugations.
- Catullus poeta scripsit puellas esse curis (The poet Catullus wrote that girls served as sources of trouble)
•USED TO INDICATE THE PERSON UPON WHOM THE OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY LIES
- Many cures have been found by doctors.
- Haec tibi agenda sunt (These things are to be done by you)
•USED TO SHOW A PERSON RECEIVING ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE
- He had some money for me.
- Romani templa deis deabusque aedificaverunt (The Romans built temples for the gods and goddesses)
Datives with Verbs: Dative With A Compound Verb, Dative With Special Verbs
•CASE TAKEN BY COMPOUND TRANSITIVE VERBS FORMED WITH CERTAIN PREPOSITIONS
- He not only had a hand in all matters, but took the lead in them.
- Natura hominis pecudibis antecedit (The nature of man is superior to beasts)
•CASE TAKEN BY CERTAIN INTRANSITIVE VERBS SUCH AS “BELIEVE, OBEY, PERSUADE”
- That boy does not obey Lesbia.
- Cur Latona mihi praestat (Why does Latona surpass me?)
Uses of the Ablative Case: Ablative of Cause, Ablative of Specification, Ablative of Description
•USED TO GIVE A REASON FOR AN ACTION
- She did this because of hate for her country.
- Hoc feci amore vestri (I did this from love of you)
•USED TO CLARIFY IN WHAT RESPECT A STATEMENT MAY OR MAY NOT BE TRUE
- The teacher is dictator in reality.
- Rex nomine est (He is king in name)
•USED TO DESCRIBE THE QUALITIES BY WHICH A PERSON IS CHARACTERIZED
- She is a woman of exceptional beauty.
- Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae… (To me 14 nymphs with body excelling….)
Accusative Uses: Accusative of Duration, Accusative of Respect
•EXPRESSES TIME DURING/ THROUGH/ OVER/ FOR WHICH SOMETHING HAS OCCURRED
- Three days Romeo waited for Juliet to call him back.
- Una cum gente tot annos bella gero (So many years I wage wars with one nation)
•USED TO EXPRESS IN REGARD TO WHAT OR IN RESPECT OF WHAT THE ACTION OF THE VERB IS RELATED
- They knew him to be equipped with respect to his optimism.
- longas compta puella comas (A girl adorned with respect to her long hair)
Freedom Ablatives: Ablative, Ablative of Separation, Ablative With Special Verbs
•USED TO SHOW SEPARATION, FREEING, DIFFERENCE, AND MOVEMENT AWAY FROM
- I am going to find the Doctor with Amy.
- Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris (I sing of the man and arms, the first from the mouth of Troy)
•USED TO SHOW FREEDOM FROM
- She freed herself from sin.
- Cives timore liberavit (He freed the citizens from fear)
• CASE USED WITH VERBS THAT MEAN FREE AWAY FROM, DEPRIVE, LACK, ETC.
- He lacked the means to set out from the city.
- Magistratu se abdicavit (He abdicated himself from office)
Timey Wimey Ablative Uses: Ablative Absolute, Ablative of Time When, Ablative of Time Within Which
•USED TO SHOW THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING AN ACTION
- With the teacher as emperor, they shall conquer.
- Urbe capta Aeneas fugit (The city having been captured, Aeneas flees)
•USED TO SHOW WHEN AN EVENT OCCURRED
- She arrived at the fifth minute.
- Tertia hora discesserunt (They left at the third hour.)
•USED TO SHOW WITHIN HOW MUCH TIME SOMETHING WILL OCCUR
- The students will leave within a month having disgraced their parents.
- Tribus diebus discedemus (We shall leave within three days)
Comparison Ablative Uses: Ablative of Comparison, Ablative of Degree of Difference
•USED TO COMPARE TWO OBJECTS WHERE THE SECOND ONE TAKES THE ABLATIVE
- Owen is taller than that pole.
- Haec via longior illa est (This road is longer than that one)
•USED TO COMPARE WITH THE USE OF MEASUREMENT
- They left beforehand by a lot.
- Paulo post discessit (He left afterward by a little bit)
Conditional Clauses: Future-More-Vivid, Future-Less-Vivid, Present-Contrary-To-Fact, Past-Contrary-To-Fact
•CONDITIONAL CLAUSES COMPOSED OF TWO FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVES THAT TRANSLATE AS “IF BLANK BLONKS…BLANK WILL”
- If the teacher sees us we will have to change our names.
- Si magister nos videbit, in magno periculo erimus (If the master sees us, we will be in big trouble)
•CONDITIONAL CLAUSES COMPOSED OF TWO PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVES THAT TRANSLATE AS “IF BLANK SHOULD…BLANK WOULD”
- If you were to walk into the classroom, you would see the cackling teacher.
- In forum ambuletis, novum templum videatis (If you were to walk down to the forum, you would see the new temple)
•CONDITIONAL CLAUSES COMPOSED OF TWO IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVES THAT TRANSLATE AS “IF BLANK BLONKED…BLANK WOULD”
- If the teacher were here he would be berating the students.
- Si pater adesset, nos iuvaret (If father were here, he’d be helping us)
•CONDITIONAL CLAUSES COMPOSED OF TWO PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVES THAT TRANSLATE AS “IF BLANK HAD…BLANK WOULD HAVE”
- If the teacher had seen you sleeping, he would have immediately kicked your chair.
- Si clamores tuos audivissem, statim accurrissem (If I’d heard you shouting, I’d have run over straight away)
Conditional Structure: Apodosis, Protasis
•THE CONSEQUENT CLAUSE IN A CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
1. If… then the teacher will hire that assassin.
•THE PRECEDING CLAUSE IN A CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
1. If we do something bad to the teacher…
