y = -f(x)
is a reflection of f(x) in the x axis
y = f(-x)
is a reflection of f(x) in the y axis
y = f(x+a)
is a translation of f(x) through the x axis
y = f(x) + a
is a translation of f(x) through the y axis
y = af(x)
stretches f(x) by a scale factor of ‘a’in the y direction
y = f(ax)
stretches f(x) by a scale factor of ‘1/a’ in the x direction