How does y=f(x)+a differ to y=f(x)
It is shifted a units upward
How does y=f(x)-a differ to y=f(x)
It is shifted a units down
How does y=f(x+a) differ from y=f(x)
It is shifted a units left
How does y=f(x-a) differ from y=f(x)
It is shifted a units right
How does y=-f(x) differ to y=f(x)
It is a reflection in the x-axis
How does y=f(-x) differ from y=f(x)
It is a reflection in the y-axis