Higher-level systems are simultaneously considered with the lower-level systems that make up the person and the person’s environment
biopsychosocial model
- presumes that a patient presents with signs and symptoms of a disease and a physician focuses on diseases of the body
Critical to learning and remembering
Permits the central nervous system to reorganize neuronal networks in response to environmental stimulation, both positive and negative
neuronal plasticity
- Synapses in frequently used pathways are preserved, whereas less-used ones atrophy, through neuronal “pruning.”
Describes the stable, early-appearing individual variations in behavioral dimensions including emotionality (crying, laughing, sulking), activity level, attention, sociability, and persistence
Temperament
Classic theory that proposes 9 dimensions of temperament
classic theory of Thomas and Chess
9 dimensions of temperament
- activity level
- rhythmicity
- approach and withdrawal
- adaptability
- threshold of responsiveness
- intensity of reaction
- quality of mood
- distractibility
- attention span and persistence
3 common constellations in the classic theory of Thomas and Chess
(1) the easy, highly adaptable child, who has regular biologic cycles;
(2) the difficult child, who withdraws from new stimuli and is easily frustrated; and
(3) the slow-to-warm-up child, who needs extra time to adapt to new circumstances
Refers to a biologically determined tendency of a young child to seek proximity to the parent during times of stress and also to the relationship that allows securely attached children to use their parents to re-establish a sense of well-being after a stressful experience
Attachment
- Insecure attachment may be predictive of later behavioral and learning problems.
- At all stages of development, children progress optimally when they have adult caregivers who pay attention to their verbal and nonverbal cues and respond accordingly.
Reinforcement depending on the behavior of the other
Contingent responses
- Contingent responses to nonverbal gestures create the groundwork for the shared attention and reciprocity that are critical for later language and social development
Concept that depicts relationships as concentric circles, with the parent-child dyad at the center (with associated risks and protective factors) and the larger society at the periphery
Bronfenbrenner’s ecologic model
Classic Stage Theories
a) psychosexual
b) psychosocial
c) cognitive
d) moral
a) Freud - psychosexual
b) Erikson - psychosocial
c) Piaget - cognitive
d) Kohlberg - moral
At the core of this theory is the idea of body-centered (or, broadly, “sexual”) drives.
Freudian theory
Infancy (0-1) ORAL Toddlerhood (2-3) ANAL Preschool (3-6) PHALLIC/OEDIPAL School Age (6-12) LATENCY Adolescence (12-20) GENITAL
Theory of development that categorizes each stage in terms of emerging personality
Erikson
Infancy (0-1)
BASIC TRUST VS MISTRUST
Toddlerhood (2-3)
AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT
Preschool (3-6)
INITIATIVE VS GUILT
School Age (6-12) INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY
Adolescence (12-20)
IDENTITY VS ROLE DIFFUSION
A central tenet of this developmental theory is that cognition changes in quality, not just quantity. Children are continually and actively reorganizing cognitive processes.
Piaget
Infancy (0-1)
SENSORIMOTOR
Toddlerhood (2-3)
SENSORIMOTOR
Preschool (3-6)
PREOPERATIONAL
School Age (6-12) CONCRETE OPERATIONS
Adolescence (12-20)
FORMAL OPERATIONS
theory of moral development in 6 stages from early childhood through adulthood. Within each stage of development, children are guided by the basic precepts of moral behavior
Kohlberg
Infancy (0-1)
(-)
Toddlerhood (2-3)
PRECONVENTIONAL (Stage 1&2)
Avoid punishment, obtain rewards
Preschool (3-6)
CONVENTIONAL (Stage 3)
Conformity
School Age (6-12)
CONVENTIONAL (Stage 4)
Law and order
Adolescence (12-20)
POSTCONVENTIONAL
Moral principles
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Fertilization and implantation; beginning of embryonic period
Week 1
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Endoderm and ectoderm appear (bilaminar embryo)
Week 2
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
First missed menstrual period; mesoderm appears (trilaminar embryo); somites begin to form
Week 3
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Neural folds fuse; folding of embryo into human-like shape; arm and leg buds appear; crown-rump length 4-5 mm
Week 4
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Lens placodes, primitive mouth, digital rays on hands
Week 5
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Primitive nose, philtrum, primary palate
Week 6
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Eyelids begin; crown-rump length 2 cm
Week 7
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Ovaries and testes distinguishable
Week 8
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Fetal period begins; crown-rump length 5 cm; weight 8 g
Week 9
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
External genitals distinguishable
Week 12
MILESTONES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Usual lower limit of viability; weight 460 g; length 19 cm
Week 20
