Factors affecting growth (7)
- Genetics
- Ethnicity
- Birthweight
- Hormones
- Nutrition
- Environment (incl. maternal health)
- Health/comorbidity
Failure to thrive
A child <2years whose weight:
- Is < 3rd percentile on 2+ occasions; OR
- Drops by 2+ percentile lines
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor - 0-2yrs
- Pre-operational - 2-7yrs
- Concrete operational - 8-12yrs
- Formal operational - 12+ yrs
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
- Trust vs mistrust - 0-18 months
- Autonomy vs shame/doubt - 18 months-3 yrs
- Initiative vs guilt - 3-5 yrs
- Industry vs inferiority - 6-11 yrs
- Identity vs confusion - 12-18 yrs
Trust vs Mistrust
Trust depends on the reliability/responsiveness of caregiver.
* Task – feeding
* Outcome – hope
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Learning to control bodily functions leads to feeling of control and independence.
* Task – toilet-training
* Outcome – will
Initiative vs Guilt
Assert power and control through directing play and other social interactions.
* Task – exploration
* Outcome – purpose
Industry vs Inferiority
Develop sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities and cope with new social/academic demands.
* Task – school
* Outcome – confidence
Identity vs Confusion
Require proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration to develop sense of self and personal identity.
* Task – social relationships
* Outcome – fidelity
Sensorimotor
Infant learns through senses and actions
- Object permanence (8months)
- Self-recognition
- Deferred imitation
- Representational play
Pre-operational
Child thinks intuitively (i.e. based on how things appear) not logically
- Egocentric thinking
- Symbolic thinking – language and mental imagery
- Classification (without class-inclusion) – single class.
- Imaginary play and animism
Concrete Operational
Child uses operations (logical rules)
- Decentering
- Conservation - quantity vs appearance
- Concrete thinking – physical events/materials.
- Mental reversal
Formal Operational
Child develops higher-order reasoning
- Formal operations – reasoning with ideas, abstract concepts, hypotheticals.
- Scientific thinking – hypothesis formulation and testing.
- Prediction
Safety Considerations
- Infants - asphyxiation, ingestion, drowning, burns, falls, electrocution, object-related injuries.
- Toddlers - asphyxiation, ingestion, drowning, traffic accidents, falls.
- School-age - sporting injuries, bike/skateboard injuries.
- Adolescents - intoxication/poisoning, traffic accidents, sporting injuries, self-harm, risk-taking behaviours.
Age-related health concerns
- Infant - pre-term birth/LBW complications, asphyxia, SIDs, congenital conditions.
- Childhood - asthma, anxiety and depression, URTIs, transport accidents, non-accidental injury, falls, drowning.
- Adolescence - suicide and self-harm, anxiety and depression, alcohol and drugs, transport accidents, assault.
