RRC Cards > GU > Flashcards

GU Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

1 extratesticular neoplasm

A

spermatic cord lipoma

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2
Q

1 infection related urethral stricture

A

gonococcal

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3
Q

1 cause urethral stricture

A

iatrogenic

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4
Q

1 epididymis neoplasm

A

adenomatoid neoplasm

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5
Q

sites of urothelial cancer

A

bladder (90%), kidney (8%), ureter/urethra (2%)

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6
Q

1 non-organ based retroperitoneal malignancy

A

lymphoma

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7
Q

most common retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma subtype

A

liposarcoma

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8
Q

nerve sheath tumor (neurofibroma) sign

A

T2 target sign

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9
Q

difference between bicornuate and didelphys uterus

A

bicornuate: partial fusion of the lower uterine segment, with single cervix
didelphys: two separate lower uterine segments and two cervices

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10
Q

jack/mulberry stone composition

A

calcium oxalate

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11
Q

most common abnormality co-existing with mullerian duct abnormality

A

renal agenesis

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12
Q

most common uterine anomaly

A

septate uterus

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13
Q

most common location ectopic

A

ampullary fallopian tube

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14
Q

hypoenhancing subtype of RCC

A

papillary RCC

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15
Q

dot dash pattern pelvic ultrasound

A

short & long echogenic lines within an ovarian dermoid cyst

due to the presence of hair

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16
Q

Wunderlich syndrome

A

spontaneous nontraumatic renal hemorrhage
2/2 to:
- renal tumor (ex AML)
- vascular pathology (AVM, vasculitis)
- coagulopathy
- other renal pathology (cystic renal disease, nephritis)

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17
Q

causes medullary nephrocalcinosis

A
  • medullary sponge kidney
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • renal tubular acidosis
  • hypervitaminosis D
  • milk-alkali syndrome
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18
Q

avascular plane of Brodel

A

renal parenchyma btwn 2/3 anterior and 1/3 posterior kidney on cross-section that is relatively avascular

  • represents plane where anterior and posterior segmental renal artery branches meet
  • relatively safe access route to pelvicalyceal system for nephrostomy insertion
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19
Q

teratoma def’n

A

germ cell tumour that originates from pluripotent germ cells that have been interrupted in their normal migration to the genital ridges
<10% in retroperitoneum
more common in females
bimodal age distrib: <6mo & early adult

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20
Q

mature vs immature teratoma

A

mature CYSTIC teratoma

  • well-diff tissues from at least 2 germ cell layers
  • predominantly CYSTIC but commonly have calc’n or fat

immature teratoma

  • predominantly SOLID with scattered areas of calc’n and fat
  • uncommon, young age group (<20yo)
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21
Q

ganglioneuroma def’n

A
  • benign tumors from ganglion cells within sympathetic ganglia
  • occur in retroperitoneum (extra-adrenal > adrenal) or posterior mediastinum
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22
Q

paraganglioma def’n

A

neoplasm of extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue

  • in either sympathetic or parasympathetic paraganglia
  • retroperitoneal paragangliomas usu from sympathetic paraganglia
  • MC at organs of Zuckerkandl or paravertebral regions
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23
Q

syndromes with paraganglioma

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2)
neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)
von Hippel Lindau (VHL)
hereditary paraganglioma syndromes (SDH mutations)

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24
Q

male urethral segments

A

prostatic, membranous, bulbous, penile
“Pet My Beautiful Pig”

  • posterior urethra: prostatic & membranous
  • anterior urethra: bulbous & penile
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25
most common urethral neoplasm
squamous cell carcinoma (of anterior urethra)
26
anterior vs posterior urethra develops what kind of cancer
``` anterior urethra (lined by stratified squamous epithelium) develops squamous cell carcinoma ``` posterior urethra (lined by uroepithelium) develops urothelial carcinoma Cowper’s glands & glands of Littre (lined by glandular epithelium) develop adenocarcinoma
27
compartments of female pelvic floor
anterior compartment: bladder, urethra middle compartment: uterus, cervix, vagina posterior compartment: rectum, anus
28
Isolated right sided varicocele
Evaluate for cancer (CT Abdo)
29
Hypo vascular RCC
Papillary | 2nd most common (clear CSLL #1)
30
critical stage endometrial cancer
stage 2 --> cervical stroma invasion --> high risk lymph node mets & changes mgmt from TAH to radical IA (<50% myometrium) to IB (>50%) also increases risk
31
critical stage cervical cancer
IIb parametrial invasion or involvement lower 1/3 of vagina (NOT ext to pelvic sidewall) = chemo/rads IIa and below = spread beyond cervix = surgery
32
met to anterior wall upper 1/3 vagina is... | met to posterior wall lower 1/3 is...
90% upper genital tract | 90% GI tract
33
ovarian follicle dominant follicle cyst
<1 cm follicle 1-2 cm dom't follicle >3 cm cyst
34
cancer transformation subtypes: 1. endometrioma 2. dermoid
1. endometrioma - clear cell carcinoma (1%) | 2. dermoid - squamous cell carcinoma (1%)
35
Meigs syndrome
1. ascites 2. pleural effusion 3. benign ovarian tumor
36
distinguishing stages of prostate cancer
- stage II is confined by capsule - stage IIIa extends through capsule (IIIb involves seminal vesicles, nerve bundle) determines treatment
37
Gleason grade, score, group
``` grade = histological pattern, 1-5 score = sum of 2 most common grades, most common goes first ex. 3+5=8 group = pattern scores to reflect risk, 3+4=grade2, 4+3=3, 1-5 ```
38
money sequences for pirads
transitional zone = T2 | peripheral zone = DWI
39
prostate cancer locations
``` peripheral = 70% transition = 20% central = 10% ```
40
acquired and congenital causes of seminal vesicle cyst
acquired: 1. obstruction from BPH, chronic infxn 2. prior prostate sx congenital associations 1. renal agenesis 2. vas deferens agenesis 3. ectopic ureter insertion 4. polycystic kidney dz
41
testicular cancer spread
lymphatic (RP nodes level of renal hilum) | EXCEPT choriocarcinoma = hematogenous
42
risk factors testicular cancer
- cryptorchidism (both testicles) - gonadal dysgenesis - klinefelters - trauma - orchitis - testicular microlithiasis
43
elevated betaHCG testicular cancers
seminoma | choriocarcinoma (nonS)
44
elevated AFP testicular cancer
``` mixed germ cell (nonS) yolk sac (nonS) ```
45
sertoli leydig seen in what syndrome & causes what?
seen in peutz jegers | causes gynecomastia
46
cystic fibrosis associated with what male congenital GU anomaly
congenital bilateral absence vas deferens
47
most common correctable cause infertility
varicocele
48
major complications associated with cryptorchidism
- malignant degeneration (both) - infertility - torsion - bowel incarceration (indirect inguinal hernia) NOT orchitis
49
RCC associated with sickle cell trait
Medullary RCC
50
Renal masses associated with Birt Hogg Dubé
Chromophobe RCC | Bilât oncocytomas
51
RCC in VHL
Clear cell
52
Associations of papillary RCC
``` Hereditary papillary RCC Transplant kidney (native kidney most commonly gets the cancer) ```
53
RCC staging
1 - kidney only and <7 cm 2 - kidney only and >7 cm 3 - in Gerota’s fascia but A) renal vein invasion B) IVC below diaphragm C) IVC above diaphragm 4 - beyond gerotas, ipsilat adrenal
54
Retroperitoneal contents
SADPUCKER ``` Suprarenal Aorta/IVC Duodenum (2nd/3rd) Pancreas (NOT tail) Ureters Colon (ascending/descending) Kidneys Esophagus (distal) Rectum (upper 2/3) ```
55
ddx striated nephrogram
- acute ureteral obstruction - acute pyelonephritis - medullary sponge kidney - acute renal vein thrombosis - radiation nephritis - acute post contusion - infantile polycystic kidney
56
#1 location extra pulmonary Tb
kidneys
57
uric acid stone dx
HU <500 (lower than others) | little change in HU on dual energy CT
58
change of non uric acid stones on dual energy CT
higher HU at 80 kvp lower HU at 140 kvp uric acid ≠ change, or slight higher at 140
59
stone with biggest change on dual energy CT
calcium >1.25 low/high energy ratio 1. 1 uric acid 1. 25 cystine
60
stone type not seen on xray | ct
uric acid xray | indanivir ct
61
most common cause renal vein thrombosis in kids & adults
kids - umbilical vein catheter | adults - nephrotic syndrome
62
normal kidney RI
<0.7 | PSV-EDV/PSV
63
leukoplakia vs malakoplakia
leukoplakia - premalignant, chronic irritation metaplasia, squamous cell malakoplakia - not pregmalig, e coli, better w. abx
64
risk factors for TCC
- smoking - azo dye - cyclophosphamide - aristolochic acid (balkan nephropathy) - horseshoe kidney - stones - ureteral pseudodiverticulosis - hereditary non polyposis colon cancer (type 2)
65
upper tract TCC risk lower | bladder TCC risk upper
upper tract TCC 40% risk lower | bladder TCC 4% risk upper
66
associations with squamous cell cancer of bladder
``` schistosomiasis suprapubic catheter (longstanding) ```
67
cancer type in: urethra prostatic urethra urethral diverticulum
urethra - squamous prostatic - TCC diverticulum - adenocarcinoma
68
cushing disease vs syndrome
``` disease = pituitary adenoma making too much ACTH syndrome = every other cause ```
69
absolute washout
C+ - delayed/C+ - C- >60% is adenoma if C+ >120 HU do not call adenoma
70
relative washout
C+ - delayed/C+ >40% is adenoma if C+ >120 HU do not call adenoma
71
pheo associated syndromes
VHL MEN 2a/b NFI, sturge weber, TS
72
wolman disease
aunt minnie bilateral enlarged Ca2+ adrenals
73
risk factor adenoca of bladder
- urachus | - bladder exstrophy
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