1
Q
What structure is a continuation of the renal pelvis?
A
ureter
2
Q
ureter
- size
- location
A
- 6mm D
- 25 cm L
- descends retroperitoneal to bladder base
3
Q
layers of the ureter
A
- inner mucosa
- muscularis (circular and longitudinal smooth muscle)
- adventitia
4
Q
what type of epithelium is the inner mucosa of the ureter?
A
transitional
5
Q
what action moves urine in the ureters?
A
peristaltic waves
6
Q
what is the relationship between contraction of ureter and volume of urine?
A
- contraction matches rate and volume of urine formation
- there is local autoregulation of contraction
- distention increases contraction
7
Q
urinary bladder
A
- midline
- muscular sac
- retroperitoneal
8
Q
trigone
A
-trianglular anatomical region at the base of the bladder
9
Q
what are the layers of the bladder? (3)
A
- mucosa (still transitional epi)
- muscular
- adventitia
10
Q
what muscle makes up the muscular layer of the bladder?
A
detrusor
11
Q
bladder location
- female
- male
A
- female: anterior to uterus and vagina
- male: anterior to rectum, superior to prostate
12
Q
condition of the bladder when empty
A
pyramidal rugal folds
13
Q
condition of the bladder when filling
A
expands, pear shape, moves anteriorly
14
Q
condition of the bladder when full
A
- 10cm L
- 500 mL
- urine if formed continuously but held until release is convenient
15
Q
female urethra
- length
- location
A
- 3-4 cm
- meatus inferior to clitoris, anterior to vaginal introitus
16
Q
length of male urethra
A
20 cm
17
Q
internal urethral sphincter
- where
- type of control
A
- proximal end of urethra
- involuntary
18
Q
external urethral sphincter
- where
- type of control
A
- surrounds urethra passing through pelvic floor
- voluntary
19
Q
when is the reflex arc activated for micturition?
A
-at 200 ml
20
Q
afferent neural control of micturition (aka urine-ing)
A
- to sacral spinal region
- to cerebrum to sense need to void
21
Q
efferent neural control of micturition
A
- via PNS pelvic splanchnic nerves
- to detrusor smooth muscle = contract
- to internal urethral sphincter = relax
22
Q
when neural control of the bladder is activated and it’s convenient, what happens?
A
-bladder is emptied through voluntary relaxation of external urethra sphincter
23
Q
What happens if neural control of bladder is activated but unheeded?
A
- reflex bladder contractions subside
- urine continues to accumulate
- at additional 200-300 mL, micturition reflex occurs
24
Q
urochrome
A
- aka urobilinogen
- from Hb breakdown
25
scrotum
- exterior pouch, pigmented skin, sparse hair
| - midline septum makes 2 compartments
26
what is a major function of the scrotum?
maintain testes at optimum temp
27
dartos muscle
- sm muscle in superficial layer
| - wrinkles the scrotal skin
28
cremaster muscle
-muscle bands which elevate the testes
29
testes
- paired
- oval shaped
- 4 cm L x 2.5 cm W
30
tunica vaginalis of testes
- outer layer
- derived from peritoneum
- parietal and visceral layers
31
tunica albuginea of testes
- fibrous connective tissue capsule
- septal extensions create lobules
- each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules
32
what is the site of spermatogenesis?
seminiferous tubules
33
seminiferous tubules
-highly convoluted
-conduct sperm from testes
-
34
what cells are contained in in the seminferous tubules?
interstitial cells of Leydig :
| -exterior to tubules
35
what do the interstitial cells of Leydig secrete?
testosterone
36
What 2 cell types are contained with in the walls of the testes.... kiwi... ?
- germ cells
| - sertoli cells
37
germ cells contain ?
spermatogonia
38
sertoli cells
- lg, glycogen containing cells
- from basal lamina to lumen
- tight junctions b/w cells
- forms blood-testis barrier
- immune avoidance
39
blood supply to the testes
- testicular arteries
| - testicular veins
40
testicular arteries arise from what?
abdominal aorta
41
testicular veins
- form a tortuous network
- called the pampiniform complex
- surrounds testicular a.
- acts as a countercurrent heat exchanger
42
spermatic cord
- fibrous connective tissue sheath
- connects testes to pelvic cavity
- pathway for vessels, nerves and vas deferns
43
what is the epidiymis?
a highly coiled tube, 6m (20f)
44
head of the epididymis
- caps superior aspect of testis
- receives sperm
- from efferent ductules
45
body and tail of epididymis
posterolateral to testis
46
functions of the epididymis
- sperm maturation and storage
- 20 day process
- smooth muscle contraction propels sperm forward
47
location of the vas deferens
- palpated anterior to the pubic bone
- arches deep to ureter
- descends along posterior aspect of bladder
48
vas deferens purpose
-conducts sperm during ejaculation from epididymis toward pelvic cavity through inguinal canal
49
the terminus of the vas deferens
- expands to form ampulla
| - joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
50
peristaltic activity of the vas deferens
thick layers of smooth muscles create peristaltic waves for sperm movement
51
the urethra conducts what 2 things?
- urine
| - semen
52
3 regions of the urethra
- prostatic
- membranous
- penile
53
prostatic urethra
- exiting bladder
| - surrounded by prostate
54
membranous urethra
passes through urogenital diaphragm
55
penile urethra
- passes through penis
| - terminates at external urethral meatus
56
internal urethral sphincter
- where
- muscle type
- fxn
- at junction of inferior bladder and proximal urethra
- smooth muscle, involuntary
- contraction prevents urine release during ejaculation
57
external urethra sphincter
- where
- muscle type
- fxn
- at membranous prostate
- skeletal muscle, voluntary
- controls release of urine
58
where are the seminal vesicles?
- posterior wall of bladder
| - bilateral, 5-7 cm
59
what amount of semen comes from the seminal vesicles?
60%
60
what do the seminal vesicles empty to?
vas deferens at ejaculation
61
what is the composition of semen at the seminal vesicles?
- yellowish, viscous, alkaline fluid
- fructose and glucose
- buffers
- ascorbic acid
- PG
- semenogelin
62
what is semenogelin
- protein that coagulates semen
| - protects sperm and prevents capacitation
63
where is the prostate gland
- posterior to bladder
- palpated through anterior rectal wall
- encircles upper part of urethra
64
semen volume in the prostate
25-30%
65
action at prostate during ejaculation
-empties to prostatic urethra when smooth muscle contracts
66
prostatic secretions
- acid phosphatase
- citric acid
- fibrinolysin
- fertility promoting peptide (FPP)
- prostate specific antigen (PSA)
- zinc
67
function of PSA
hydrolyze semenogelin to liquify semen
68
zinc
stabilizes chromatin
69
bulbourethral glands (aka Cowper's glands)
- bilateral, pea size
- inferior to prostate
- produce thick clear mucus and glucose
- pre ejaculate that empties to penile urethra
70
function of the pre ejaculate secreted by the bulbourethral glands
lubrication and neutralize urine
71
ejaculatory fluid + sperm = ?
semen
72
make up of semen
- 2.5-3.5 mL
- 100 million sperm / mL
- ph: 7.3-7.6
- analyzed for sperm count, motility, morpholgy
73
what is the result if there is 20-40 million sperm/mL ?
50% infertile
74
what is the sperm count cut off that classifies as sterile?
<20 million sperm/mL
