Guided Reflection Review

Question 1

Define positive reinforcement from what you have learned in the course.

• Describe the stimulus change.
• Describe the effect the stimulus change has on behavior.

Answer 1

Positive Reinforcement is a response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change, which results in similar responses occurring more often.

The presentation, addition, or increase of a stimulus affects the behavior by increasing the future frequency of that behavior.

Question 2

Provide an example of positive reinforcement.

• Specifically label the following:
• The behavior that is changing
• The stimulus change(s) in the environment
• The effect that it has on the behavior.
• Specifically label the components of your example using appropriate terminology.
• Please use observable behaviors or your own private events only.

Answer 2

A teacher rewards a student with a sticker on a reward chart for turning in homework on time, which encourages the student to turn in their homework on time more often in the future.

In this example:
The behavior that is changing: The student turning in their homework on time

The stimulus change(s) in the environment: The sticker on the reward chart given by the teacher

The effect that the stimulus has on the behavior: Increases the chances for the student(s) to turn in their homework on time in the future

Question 3

Define negative reinforcement from what you have learned in the course.

• Describe the stimulus change.
• Describe the effect the stimulus change has on behavior.

Answer 3

Negative Reinforcement is when the occurrence of a response is immediately followed by the termination or reduction of a stimulus, leading to an increase in the future occurrence of similar responses.

When a behavior occurs more often because of past responses that have resulted in the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus.

Question 4

Provide an example of negative reinforcement.

• Specifically label the following:
• The behavior that is changing
• The stimulus change(s) in the environment
• The effect that it has on the behavior.
• Specifically label the components of your example using appropriate terminology.
• Please use observable behaviors or your own private events only.

Answer 4

When a car emits a beeping sound until the driver buckles their seatbelt, the driver is more likely to buckle their seatbelt again in the future to avoid or turn off the beeping.

In this example:
The behavior that is changing: The driver buckling their seatbelt

The stimulus change(s) in the environment: The beeping sound is removed

The effect that it has on the behavior: Increases the chances of the driver buckling their seatbelt in the future

Question 5

Define positive punishment from what you have learned in the course.

• Describe the stimulus change.
• Describe the effect the stimulus change has on behavior.

Answer 5

Positive Punishment is a response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior.

The presentation, addition, or increase of a stimulus affects the behavior by decreasing the future frequency of that behavior.

Question 6

Provide an example of positive punishment.
- Specifically label the following:
- The behavior that is changing
- The stimulus change(s) in the environment
- The effect that it has on the behavior.
- Specifically label the components of your example using appropriate terminology.
- Please use observable behaviors or your own private events only.

Answer 6

A driver receiving a speeding ticket and fine is discouraged from speeding.

In this example:
The behavior that is changing: The driver speeding

The stimulus change(s) in the environment: Receiving the ticket and fine

The effect that it has on the behavior: Decreases the chances of the driver speeding in the future

Question 7

Define negative punishment from what you have learned in the course.

• Describe the stimulus change.
• Describe the effect the stimulus change has on behavior.

Answer 7

Negative Punishment is a response behavior followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus) that results in similar responses occurring less often.

The withdrawal or decrease in intensity of a stimulus affects the behavior by decreasing the future frequency of that behavior.

Question 8

Provide an example of negative punishment.

• Specifically label the following:
• The behavior that is changing
• The stimulus change(s) in the environment
• The effect that it has on the behavior.
• Specifically label the components of your example using appropriate terminology.
• Please use observable behaviors or your own private events only.

Answer 8

Taking away a teenager’s phone after they yell and curse at their parents discourages them from doing so.

In this example:
The behavior that is changing: The yelling and cursing from the teenager

The change(s) in the environment: The teenager’s phone was removed/taken away

The effect it has on behavior: decreases the chances of a teenager yelling and cursing at their parents.

Question 9

Define a schedule of reinforcement (choose one) from what you have learned in the course.

• Describe the stimulus change.
• Describe the effect the stimulus change has on behavior.

Answer 9

A Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement requires completing a fixed number of responses for a reinforcer.

Question 10

Provide an example of a schedule of reinforcement (use the same schedule you provided a definition for).

• Specifically label the following:
• The behavior that is changing
• The stimulus change(s) in the environment
• The effect that it has on the behavior.
• Specifically label the components of your example using appropriate terminology.
• Please use observable behaviors or your own private events only.

Answer 10

A student earns a token or sticker for every 6 math problems they solve correctly (FR6).

In this example:
The behavior that is changing: The student correctly solving math problems

The change(s) in the environment: Earning the token or sticker every 6 correct math problems

The effect that it has on the behavior: The behavior increase of the student wanting to complete and solve math problems correctly

Question 11

Define respondent conditioning from what you have learned in the course.

• Describe the stimulus change.
• Describe the effect the stimulus change has on behavior.

Answer 11

A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.

When a neutral stimulus is paired with something that naturally evokes a reaction, it begins to elicit the reaction on its own.

Question 12

Provide an example of respondent conditioning.

• Specifically label the following:
• The behavior that is changing
• The stimulus change(s) in the environment
• The effect that it has on the behavior.
• Specifically label the components of your example using appropriate terminology.
• Please use observable behaviors or your own private events only.

Answer 12

A bell (neutral stimulus) is paired with dog food (unconditioned stimulus) until the bell alone makes the dog salivate.

In this example:

The behavior that is changing: The dog salivates at the bell

The change(s) in the environment: The bell being paired to the dog food; the bell ringing

The effect that it has on the behavior: The bell ringing alone by itself makes the dog salivate, since the bell is now a conditioned stimulus

Question 13

*Respondent Behavior (Cooper)

Answer 13

(Response component of the stimulus–response reflex) - Behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli. Respondent behavior is induced, or brought out, by a stimulus that precedes the behavior; nothing else is required for the response to occur

Ex: Bright light makes your pupils shrink automatically

(Simplify) Respondent behavior is an automatic reaction to something that happens before it. It doesn’t need to be learned

Question 14

Respondent Behavior (StudyMate)

Answer 14

The response component of a reflex: behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli

Question 15

Respondent Conditioning (Cooper ONLY)

Answer 15

A stimulus–stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response. (Also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning)

(Simplify) When a neutral thing is paired with something that naturally evokes a reaction, it begins to elicit that reaction on its own

Ex: A bell (neutral) is paired with food (natural cause) until the bell alone makes a dog salivate

Question 16

Operant Behavior (Cooper ONLY)

Answer 16

Any behavior that is determined primarily by its history of consequences.
Unlike respondent behavior, which is elicited by antecedent events, operant behavior is selected, shaped, and maintained by the consequences that have followed it in the past

Ex: A child cleans their room more often because they got praise for doing it before

Question 17

Operant Conditioning (Cooper ONLY)

Answer 17

The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future

(Simplify) Operant learning occurs when consequences alter the frequency of a behavior—rewards increase it, and punishments decrease it

Question 18

Aversive Stimulus (Cooper ONLY)

Answer 18

In general, an unpleasant or noxious stimulus. More technically, a stimulus change or condition that functions: (a) to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past, (b) as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior

(Simplify) An aversive stimulus is something unpleasant that people try to avoid or stop.

Ex: Loud noise, bad smell, or scolding — things you want to escape, avoid, or that make you stop a behavior.

Question 19

Reinforcement (Cooper & SM)

Answer 19

A basic/ fundamental principle of behavior that describes a response–consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often

When a response is followed by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often

Question 20

Positive Reinforcement (Cooper & SM)

Answer 20

A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change, which results in similar responses occurring more often

Question 21

Negative Reinforcement (Cooper & SM)

Answer 21

A contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, and which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of similar responses

(Simplify) When a behavior occurs more often because past responses have resulted in the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus

Question 22

Punishment (Cooper & SM)

Answer 22

A basic/fundamental principle of behavior describes a response–consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future occurrence of that type of behavior

(Simplify) When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring less often

Question 23

Positive Punishment (Cooper & SM)

Answer 23

A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior

Question 24

Negative Punishment (Cooper & SM)

Answer 24

A response behavior followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus) that results in similar responses occurring less often

Question 25

Schedules of Reinforcement (Cooper ONLY)

Answer 25

A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement, the environmental arrangements that determine conditions by which behaviors will produce reinforcement (Simplify) A rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement; a description of a contingency of reinforcement *OR*: A reinforcement schedule is a rule that tells when and how a behavior will be rewarded Ex: CRF, FR, VR, FI, VI