halogen derivatives

Question 1

reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution with OH- to form alcohols

Answer 1

1. dilute NaOH
2. heat

Question 2

reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution with CN- to form nitriles

Answer 2

1. KCN in ethanol
2. heat

Question 3

purpose of nucleophilic substitution with CN- to form nitriles

Answer 3

1. serves to increase the length of the carbon chain by 1 carbon atom, known as a step-up reaction
2. nitrile formed is used in the synthesis of carboxylic acids and amines

Question 4

reagents and conditions required for acidic hydrolysis of nitriles

Answer 4

1. dilute H2SO4
2. heat

Question 5

reagents and conditions required for the alkaline hydrolysis of nitriles

Answer 5

1. dilute NaOH
2. heat

Question 6

reagents and conditions required for reduction of nitriles

Answer 6

1. LiAlH4 in dry ether
   OR
2. H2 gas, Ni catalyst

Question 7

reagents and conditions required for nucleophilic substitution with NH3 to form amines

Answer 7

1. NH3 in ethanol
2. heated under high pressure

Question 8

reagents and conditions required for elimination reaction

Answer 8

1. NaOH in ethanol
2. heat