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Hazardous Earth Case Study Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the case study for impacts of a volcano in an AC?

A

Mount Ontake, Japan

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2
Q

What is teh case study for impacts of a volcano on an EDC

A

Mount Merapi, Indonesnia

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3
Q

What is the geographical context of Mount Ontake, Japan?

A
  • boundary of 4 plates
    Widespread subduction
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4
Q

What is the cultural importance of Mount Ontake, Japan

A

Mt Fuji is considered sacred to Buddhists
Shrine found at the top
Lots of tourists and pilgrams

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5
Q

What is the recent volcanic history of mount ontake

A

110 active volcanoes
Tthe more explosive, the fewer eruptions

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6
Q

What happened at the mount ontake japan eruption

A

Violent, phreatic eruption
No warnings
=

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7
Q

Primary ands econdary impacts of mount ontake japan

A

63 killed
40 injured
250 trapped by pyroclastic flows
Ash was 40-50cm thick and caused total darkness for minutes

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8
Q

What are the short term responses of mount ontake japan eruption

A

1000 serach and rescue workers
Prime minister made the military help with resuce
Effoorts stopped due to volcano spouting gas

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9
Q

Political and long term responses to mount ontake japan eruption

A

Government meteorolgical agency reviewed response as insufficient

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10
Q

Vulnerability of mount ontake japan

A

Lacked warning signs
Phreatic eruption (explosive of steams), no magma meant to signs to alert
Low housing
Lots of turists

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11
Q

Governance and monitroing of mount ontake japan eruption

A

No warnings or alerts
Monitoring is inefective for phreatic eruptions

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12
Q

Limitations of risk management for mount ontake japan

A

Not all eruptions are predictable
The plans didnt consider tourists

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13
Q

What tis teh geographical context of mount merapi eruption

A

Archipeglo boundary
Indonesia is an island ark

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14
Q

Culturl importance of mount merapi eruption

A

Spirit guardians in charge of protecting merapi and residents
Mbah Maridjan was in charge of deciding whether the volcano told him it would erupt

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15
Q

What happened during the mount merapi eruption

A

Lava bombs thrown 4km from summit
Ash rose 5km into the air
Lahars formed
Pyroclastic flows spread 15km south

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16
Q

Primary and secondary impacts of mount merapi eruption

A

367 killed
410,000 became refuges
Acid rain fell
Livestock kiled
Infrastructure and crops destroyed

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17
Q

Short term responses of mount merapi eruption

A

Evacuation centres
1600 volunters in national aid response
Internatinal aid from charities such as red cross

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18
Q

Plitical and long term responses to mount merapi eruption

A

2,600 moved to safe homes
Government gave money to farmers
Government ecnouraged relocation
New spatial planning

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19
Q

Vulnerability of mount merapi eruption

A

High population density on slopes
Lots of substinence farming
Volcanic soil is fertile so lots of poorer farmers in high risk zones
People cant move due to low income

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20
Q

Governance and monitoring of mount merapi eruption

A

Established monitoring systems
Give warning but people dont move due to poverty

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21
Q

Limitations of risk manegemtn of mount merapi

A

Effective monitoring cant remove the risk due to high population in hazard zone

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22
Q

Case study of earthquake activity in an AC

A

Tohoku Japan

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23
Q

Case study of earthquake activity in LIDC

A

Ghorka Nepal

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24
Q

Why do people choose to live in Japans Earthquake areas

A

Culutral links and folklore
Lots of hazard resistant buildings

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25
Geographical context of Tohoku Japan earthquake
Boundary of 4 plates Widespread subduction Highly techtonically accurate
26
Key facts f Tohoku Japan earthquake
11 March 2011 9,0mW - megaearthquake Lasted 6 minutes Epicentre 70km offshore 400km of coast dropped 0.6m Tsunami triggered - 10km inland
27
Social impacts of tohoku Japan earthquake
16,000 died 90% deaths due to drowning 2,000 children were orphaned Problems disposing of bodies
28
Economic impacts of Tohoku Japan earthquake
Total cost £181 billion 46,000 buildings destroyed All 6 nuclear plants destroyed
29
Environmental impacts of Tohoku Japan
Albatross chicks washed away 1.5 million tonnes of debris in Pacific Radiation washed into the oceans
30
Political impacts of tohoku japan earthquake
Government gave billions of yen to try and reduce debt, but it increased it instead Meltdown of reactors led to movement against nuclear power This caused political fallout
31
Immediate response to Tohoku Japan earthquake
JSDF moved in and cleared debris in 2 days which enabled further aid Over 116 countries responded
32
Long term responses to Tohoku Japan earthquake
Priority was given to transport By nov 6, 6% of supply was restored All 55 reactors stopped due to safetu
33
Why do people choose to live in earthquake prone area in Nepal
Tourism Rapid urbanisation Myths and legends
34
Geographical context of Ghorka Nepal earthquake
Collision and convergence zone Liquefaction is major risk
35
what are the key facts of Nepal's Ghorka earthquake
7.8mW Epicentre 90km from Kathmandu 2-3km landslides
36
social impacts of Nepal Ghorka earthquake
8,800 died 20 climbers died on everest aid was given to men, not women Trafficking of homeless and women
37
what are economic impacts of Nepal Ghorka earthquake
- cost was $10 billion. their economy was $19.6 billion - tourism decreased 1/3 (10% of economy) - poverty meant they were unable to cope
38
environmental impacts of Nepal Ghorka earthquake
Agriculture damaged Water springs dried up Lahars are high risk during monsoon season
39
political impacts of Nepal Ghorka earthquake
Progress towards peace has stopped Political situation slowed response Authorities were overwhelmed in minutes
40
immediate responses from Nepal Ghorka earthquake
- requested international help immediately - 1/2 million tents for homeless - Asian Development Bank gave $3 million
41
long term responses of Nepal Ghorka earthquake
recovery phase started 6 months are earthquake
42
how do reasons for living in techtonically active locations differ from Ac and LIDC?
- Acs due high technology infrastructure and lots of jobs - LIDCs often because people cant afford to move - both will have cultural attachment
43
what is the case study for an LIDC coping with volcanic activity
Indonesia
44
how do countries cope with hazards
Modifying the event Modifying the vulnerability Modifying the loss
45
how does Indonesia modify the vulnerability of volcanoes
- monitroing and prediction - hazard mapping - relocation strategies - community prepardness
46
what are Indonesia's monitoring and predicting organisations?
- centre for volcanology and geological hazard mitigation - Volcano disaster assistance program
47
what does monitoring for volcanoes in Indonesia include
- seismic observation - geochemistry (sample gas in rocks) - tiltmetres - geologic mapping
48
what is examples of Indonesia's hazard mapping to monitor volcanoes
- lahars threat in Indonesia is high due to monsoon seasons - early warning systems for lahars - sensors and CCTV monitor the volcanoes
49
what are the relocation strategies for Indonesia's volcano monitoring
- permenant settlemetns forbidden on high slopes - 2,500 families relocated
50
community prepardness in Indonesia to monitor volcanoes
- residents have hand held radios for updates - three tier early warning system - prepardness is low - 0.5% of nudgets for volcanic incidents
51
how does Indonesia modify loss from volcanoes?
- well trained and well equipped emergency services - temporary shelters in safe zones - authorities clear rivers to remove flood risk
52
what is teh case study for an AC showing how they cope with volcanic activity
Italy, Mount Etna
53
how does Italy monitor the event of volcanoes
- earth barriers have been used - dynamite creates a canal to diverty lava flow - US Marines dropped concrete block to divert flow
54
what are the examples of Italy modifying the vulnerability of volcanoes
- constantly monitoring - research most effective building designs - close airports when there is a risk - some have criticised action plan, saying they are poorly informed
55
how does Italy modify the loss of volcanoes?
- casualities are minimal due to accurate data - government has resources to compensate
56
what is an example of LIDC coping with tectonic activity
Nepal
57
how does nepal modify the event of earthquakes
NOT POSSIBLE
58
what are the non-governmental organisations which Nepal uses to manage vulnerability of earthquakes?
- Nepal National Society for Earthquake Technology - Disaster Prepardness Network
59
what is Nepal's national strategy to modify the vulnerability of earthquakes?
- train people how to respond to earthquakes - Annual Earthquake Safety Day since 1999 - school earthquake safety program to raise awareness
60
what does Nepal's Red Cross Society do the modify vulnerability?
- help people learn how to identify local hazards - trained emergency first responders in first aid
61
how does Nepal modify the loss of earthquakes?
- international aid was essential - 330 humanitarian agencies involved
62
how succesfull were Nepal's attempts to modify the loss of earthquakes?
- there was considerable loss of life, injury or damage - remote rural villages were difficult to get aid to due to mountains - 1000s of households were devestated by the loss of family members
63
what was Nepal's long term recovery to modifying loss of earthquakes?
- political instability meant disaster response was not important - absence of local government (hard to voice concerns) - no clear plan on how to use money
64
what is the example of ac coping with techtonic activity
Japan
65
how does Japan modify vulnerability of techtonic activity?
- research and monitoring - aseismic designs - fire proofing buildings - land use zoning - building regulations - transport systems modified - tsunami warnings - refugee sites - community prepardness
66
how does Japan modify vulnerability through research and monitoring?
Japan Meterological Agency: - over 600 seismic observation stations - 24 hour monitoring and processing data - early warning systems - tsunami warnings or advisory with estimated time and height
67
how does Japan use community prepardness to modify vulnerability of earthquakes?
monthly earthquake drills - annual disaster prevention day (september 1st) - TV/Radio automatically switch to advices
68
how does Japan modify the loss after earthquakes?
- JSDF moved in and cleared the cleared debris after 2 days to enable emergency goods - military dug mass graves to reduce risk of infection - Gov approved a budget of $190 billion to reconstruct economy
69
what do Acs have strengths in when it comes to modifying hazards?
- constant updating of strategies - economic wealth and resistance
70
what do LIDCS have weaknesses in when it comes to modifying hazards?
- EDCs/LIDCs have less resistance - low resources to recover - impacts in short term are often more serious or long-lasting
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