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Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of Hazard

A

Hazard
Natural hazard
Disaster

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2
Q

What is a hazard

A

potential to casue injury,loss of life, damage to property or socio-economic factors

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3
Q

What is a Natural Hazard

A

occur in the physical parts of the amosphere and casue a threat to both people and the built and natural enviroments

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4
Q

What is a disaster

A

A hazardous event that cuases a large number of fatalities

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5
Q

What does deggs model show

A

a venn diagram that demonstrates the overlap between a a hazradous event, either or geogrphical or physical (volcano or earthquake) and a vulnerable population, creating a disaster in the centre of the model

Therfore demonstrating the effect socio-economic satus and development of a country combined with a hazard can create a disaster

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6
Q

What are soem examples of geophysical hazards

A

earthquakes
landslides
volcanic erruptions
Avalanches

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7
Q

What are some examples of Atmospheric Hazards

A

Hurricanes
Aesteroids
Lightning

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8
Q

What are some examples of Hydrological hazards

A

floods
droughts
Coastal erosion
Desertificatiom

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9
Q

What are the variables that affect vulnerabiliity

A

international aid
education of pop
economic status
properly built housing and infastructure
governament planning
religion and belief

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10
Q

What are three ways in which a person can become more affected by a hazard

A

fatallsim
adaptation
fear

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11
Q

What is fatallaism?

A

a belief that people should not interfere with a hazardous event and therefore nothing can be done to mititgate risk as the hazard is gods will

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12
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Attempts by communities to live amongst hazardous events, by adjusting their living conditions, therfore making them more able to reduce their vulnerability

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13
Q

What are the four stages of the hazrad management cycle and what do they represnt

A

past event:
response- speed of the response, will depend on effectiveness
recovery- restoring affected areas back to normallity
pre event:
mitigation- actions taken to reduce risk e.g government
preparedness- education, awarness

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14
Q

What are the factors that impact recovery

A

magnitude of hazard e.g typhoon haiyain
economic status e.g Haiti vs japan
population density
accessibilty
government stabiltiy
gov investment
land-locked countries

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15
Q

What does the park model (Disater response curve) show

A

pre disater:
-risk assement
-mitigation
-preparedness
response:
-warning
-saving people
-immedate assistance
-assesing damage
response:
-reconstruction
-ongoing devlopment activities
-risk assement

it shows startegies and approaches to create immediate relief, each othese is more easily achieved in higher income countires

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16
Q

What are the simmilarites between the disaster repsonse curve and the hazard management cycle

A

-both can be used by gov to create na effective management plan
- both do not take into consideration economic status
- both donot account for aid
-both have several set stages

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17
Q

What are the differences between the disaster repsonse curve and the hazard management cycle

A
  • park model has five stages
    -HMC is qualititve and DRC is qualititve
    -HMC is more generic
    -DRC looks at quality of life
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18
Q

Who came up with plate tectonic theory and what was it

A

Alfred Wegner
continental drift
origianlly one large continent-Pangea as the coastlines of S america and Africa seemed to fit together

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19
Q

What was Wegner Biological evidence for his theory

A

-indian limestone found in Australia
-messosauras fossil found in S africa and S america, and the animal would have been unable to swim
-Cynothogus remains found in S america and Africa

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20
Q

What was Wegners Geological evidence to support his theory

A

Carbon ferious glacaiation found in S america, Antatrica and India
Rock sequences same in Scotland as Canada

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21
Q

What is paleomagnestism

A

Every 400,000 years the earths magnetic poles switch causing the north and south poles to swap. This is seen in things such as the mid-atlantic ridge and ocean trenches, as alternating layers of rocks have opposite magnetic fields

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22
Q

Who created the theory of convection currents and what did he beleieve?

A

Arthur Holmes
As a substance warms up its density decreases and it was this heating cooling cylce that caused the contitnets to move

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23
Q

What is Gravitiational sliding?

A

a tectonic process where gravity causes the older, denser lithosphere to slide down the slope of a raised mid-ocean ridge. This force drives plates apart at constructive margins, contributing to plate movement, primarily acting as a body force that pushes plates away from the ridge.

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24
Q

What is ridge push

A

new oceanic crust thickens and cools and is pushed downwards and new magma enters the divergent active zone

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25
What is Slab Pull
The movement driven by the weight of older more denseplate material sinking deep into the mantle at deep ocen trenches
26
What are the landforms associated with constructive plate margins
volcanoes rift valleys- great African
27
How are volcanoes formed at constructive plate margins
1. The two plates move apart and the magma rises 2.the magma creates a shield volcano 3.the magma can escape easily due to it being close to the surface therefore the volcanoes don't erupt with much force
28
What landforms can be found at destructive plate margins
submarine volcanoes-krakatoa deep ocean trenches
29
how are volcanoes formed at destructive plate margins
1.oceanic plate descends under the continental plate the plate starts to melt due to friction 2.melted plate is not hot, liquid rock, the magma rises through gaps in the continental plate and froms a volcano
30
what is formed when two oceanic plates meet at a destructive subduction zone
island arcs
31
How are island arcs formed
descending plate begins to melt due to friction magma rises and causes volcanoes however if offshore, a line of volcanic islands is named as an island arc
32
what landforms are present at Collison plate margins
young fold mountains e.g Himalayas
33
how are young fold mountains formed at Collison plate margins
colliding plates are forced upwards and buckle forming the mountains
34
what occurs at conservative plate margins
two plates slide past each other along a fault no volcanoes but earthquakes
35
summarise a hot spot
- radioactive decay within the earths core generates hot temperatures -lower mantle is heated and creates a magma plume -occasionally there is a rise in the centre of the plates as the magma burns through, which forms volcanoes -as the plates move over the stationary hot spot, a chain of volcanoes form
36
What is the VEI
volcanic explosivity index
37
What is the function of the VEI
-identify the magnitude of the volcanic eruption -combines magnitude and intensity into a single number on a scale of 0-8 -each increase is equivalent to a ten fold increase in explosivity
38
five key facts about the mount st Helens eruption
- 5 on the VEI scale -57 deaths -destructive subductive plate margin -ash clogged sewage systems and damaged cars and buildings -ash shut down air traffic control
39
five key facts about the pinatubo explosion
-1960 -6 on VEi scale -evacuation saved 5000 lives -Global temps dropped temporarily by 0,5 degrees cause of the ash -ash rose 22miles into the air
40
summarise a composite cone volcano
- they occur at destructive convergent boundaries -comes are steep sided and made up of alternating layers of ash and lava -lava is thick and viscous -mount st helens and pinatubo
41
How is volcanic activity predicted
-seisometers and seismographs -electronic lasers and tiltometers to measure ground deforamtion -magneometers to measure magma -hydrological instruments to measure rising groundwater temps -small erruptions or emmisons
42
summarise a shield volcano
-wide base volcanoes that are low in height -usually occur at mid-ocean ridges or constructive divergent plate boundaries -mount etna -lava is fluid and mobile
43
summarise a cinder cone volcano
-large amounts of pyroclastic material in the air -often steep-sided and made of loose materials -constructive divergent plate boundaries, sometimes grow on larger shield volcanoes -eldfell in iceland
44
what type of hazard is solid material of varying grain and size, ranging from volcanic bombs to ash, ejected into the atmosphere
Tephra
45
What is Nuues Ardentes
Very hot gas, charged, high velocity flows made up of a mixture of gas and tephra
46
What are the volcanic gases
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, sulphine, chlorine, sulfur dioxide
47
What type of hazard is melted snow and ice as a result of an eruption combined with volcanic ash to form mud flows that can flow down mountains at high speeds
Lahars
48
What are Jokuhlaups
when an eruption meets glaciers and ice caps
49
Where is the example of Lahars
Mount Pintaubo
50
Sea waves generated by an eruption are called
Tsunamis
51
Five key facts about Pinatubo 1991
-9.6 on the VEI scale -5,000 lives saved by evacuation -ash cloud rose 22 miles -Typhoon occurring simultaneously -global temps rose by 0.5 degrees
52
What are the seven determiners that suggest why some volcanoes are more hazardous than others
-viscosity of magma -plate margins -explosiveness of eruption -materials ejected -proximity to population -Frequency of eruption -prediction, forecasting and planning
53
How are fold mountains formed
Along collision plate boundary , convection currents, colliding plates forced together and upwards. e.g Himalayas
54
What does the Park Model Show
How quality of life changes through the stages of a disaster.
55
What are the stages of the Hazard Management Cycle?
Mitigation → Preparedness → Response → Recovery.
56
What are Earth’s three main internal layers?
core, mantle, crust
57
What drives plate movement?
convection currents, slab pull, ridge push, gravitational sliding.
58
Name landforms at constructive margins.
Ocean ridges, rift valleys, volcanoes
59
Name landforms at destructive margins.
Deep sea trenches, island arcs, fold mountains
60
What are magma plumes?
Concentrated areas of rising heat causing hotspot volcanoes
61
List 5 volcanic hazards
Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash fallout, mudflows/lahars, toxic gases
62
What determines volcanic hazard impact
Magnitude, frequency, spatial distribution, predictability
63
Examples of secondary impacts of volcanoes
Looting, famine, disease, infrastructure collapse, poverty
64
List 4 seismic hazards.
Earthquakes, tsunamis, liquefaction, landslides.
65
Long-term responses to earthquakes?
Rebuilding, new building codes, land-use planning
66
What conditions create tropical storms?
Warm oceans (>26.5°C), Coriolis force, low pressure, high humidity
67
What are the main storm hazards?
High winds, storm surges, coastal flooding, river flooding, landslides
68
What conditions favour intense wildfires
Dry vegetation, high temperatures, low humidity, strong winds
69
What are the natural causes of wildfires
Lightning and volcanic erruptipn
70
What are the human casues of wildfires
campfires, arson, power lines, dropped ciggarettes
71
Long-term wildfire responses?
Controlled burning, land management, rebuilding homes, fire breaks.
72
What does the magma have to have to make the volcanoes explosive
large levels of gas and silcia
73
What is the name for the magma that is produced at destructive subduction boundarys, making the volcanoes explosive
andestic
74
What is a hotspot
An area where there is a hot rising of heat underneath a weakness in a plate, here magma rises to the surface through this weakness
75
What type of volcanoes form at hotspots
Shield Volcanoes
76
Name an example of some islands formed as a result of a hotspot
The Haiwain Islands
77
What hotspot is Hawaii a result of
Mid- Pacific
78
A Jökulhlaup is the name of...
flooding caused when a glacier or ice cap melts
79
What are lahars
fast mudflows that happen when rain mobilises deposits of volcanic ash
80
The Armero tragedy in Colombia was a result of lahars coming towards the town following the eruption of what volcano and when?
Nevado del Ruiz in 1985
81
Hazards
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