Hazards key terms

Question 1

Hazard definition

Answer 1

A naturally occurring event that poses threat to human life or property

Question 2

Hazard perception definition

Answer 2

the way of which you view the event that changed how you react

Question 3

Earthquake definition

Answer 3

when tectonic plates move suddenly and energy is released, causing the ground to shake

Question 4

Volcano definition

Answer 4

splits in the crust where magma goes through from the mantle

Question 5

Hazard risk definition

Answer 5

the probability that the event will actually happen

Question 6

Geophysical hazard definition

Answer 6

a hazard with anything to do with tectonics
E.g. an earthquake

Question 7

Tropical storm definition

Answer 7

a rotating storm

Question 8

What does standard of living mean

Answer 8

How much people have and can get to live (economic)

Question 9

What is the first stage of the park model hazard response

Answer 9

Relief phase

Question 10

What happens in the relief phase of the park model hazard response

Answer 10

-immediate refocus
-focuses on saving lives and property
-emergency supplies are brought in

Question 11

What is the second stage of the park model hazard response

Answer 11

Rehabilitation phase

Question 12

What happens in the rehabilitation phase of the park model hazard response

Answer 12

-restores physical and community structures
-lasts for a few months

Question 13

What is the third stage of the park model hazard response

Answer 13

Reconstruction, mitigation and preparedness phase

Question 14

What happens in the reconstruction, mitigation and preparation phase of the park model hazard response

Answer 14

-permanent changes
-restores quality of life
-economic stability
-permanent rebuilding

Question 15

What are the stages of the hazard management cycle x4

Answer 15

1) preparedness
2) response
3) recovery
4) mitigation

Question 16

What happens in the preparedness stage of the hazard management cycle

Answer 16

-educate people
-raise public awareness
-put precautionary measures in place

Question 17

What happens in the response stage of the hazard management cycle

Answer 17

-immediate response
-focuses on saving lives
-coordinating medical assistance

Question 18

What happens in the recovery stage of the hazard management cycle

Answer 18

-restoring the affecting area to normality
-short-term restoration of services

Question 19

What happens in the mitigation stage of the hazard management cycle

Answer 19

-rebuilds areas to be safer
-reduces the severity of future events

Question 20

Crust of the earth

Answer 20

-5-10 km thick beneath oceans
-70km thick beneath continents
-oceanic crust = broken layer of balsaltic rock
-continental crust = granitic rocks and less dense than oceanic crust

Question 21

Mantle of the earth

Answer 21

-2900km thick
-silicate rocks in a think, liquid state
-upper mantle is solid and sits on top of the asthenosphere
-density increases with depth into the lower mantle

Question 22

Outer core of the earth

Answer 22

-2250km thick
-semi liquid and made of iron
-thought that the semi liquid outer core spins, creating the earth’s magnetic field

Question 23

Inner core of the earth

Answer 23

-1200km thick
-solid and made up of iron and nickel alloy
-temperature can reach to more than 5000 degrees C
-density is 4x that of the crust

Question 24

Where is the greatest source of heat energy from in the earth

Answer 24

Decay of uranium and other elements in the core

Question 25

What is the lithosphere

Answer 25

The solid top layer of crust in which plates are formed consists of crust and upper mantle

Question 26

What is the asthenosphere

Answer 26

Soft, plastic-like rock in the upper mantle just below the lithosphere

Question 27

What is slab pull

Answer 27

At subduction zones, gravity pulls the oceanic plate down into the mantle which destroys the crust material and keeps the earth in shape

Question 28

What is ridge push

Answer 28

The process of material pushing out form the ridge

Question 29

Continental crust -thickness -age -density -mineral content -rock type

Answer 29

-30km -2 billion years old -2.7g/cm3 -greater than 90% is composed of silicate minerals -granite, sedimentary, metamorphic

Question 30

Oceanic crust -thickness -age -density -mineral content -rock type

Answer 30

-5km -190 million years old -3.0g/cm3 -iron, calcium, magnesium -mafic rocks = basalt

Question 31

Evidence of plate tectonics x5

Answer 31

-jigsaw fit -paleomagnetism -geological fit -tectonic fit -fossil evidence

Question 32

Jigsaw fit as evidence of plate tectonics

Answer 32

-similarity of coastlines of eastern South America and west Africa -best fit obtained if the coastlines are matched at a depth of 1000m below current sea level

Question 33

Paleomagnetism as evidence of plate tectonics

Answer 33

-new material is constantly produced at the mid-ocean ridge -earths magnetism flips every now and again leading to a striped pattern in magnetism and match it to age -due to the sea floor spreading process

Question 34

Geological fit as evidence for plate tectonics

Answer 34

-geology of eastern South America and west Africa was mapped, it revealed the ancient rock outcrops over 2000 million years old were continuous from one continent to the other

Question 35

Tectonic fit as evidence for plate tectonics

Answer 35

-fragments of an old fold mountain belt around 450 million years ago are found on widely seperated continents -pieces of Caledonian fold mountain belt between are found in Greenland, Canada, Iceland, Ireland, England, Scotland and Scandinavia -when these landmasses are re-assembled, the mountain belt forms a continuous linear feature

Question 36

Fossils as evidence for plate tectonics

Answer 36

-fossils found on seperate continents and nowhere else

Question 37

What affects human hazard responses x7

Answer 37

-wealth = whether you can afford to move away / replace what’s damaged -gender = life expectancy gap -> “men are stupid” -age = less aware of danger when young -religion = may believe their faith will protect them -economic development = protection and preparation -hazard magnitude = the size of the hazard Hazard frequency = how often the hazard happens

Question 38

Constructive plate boundary and example

Answer 38

-2 plates move apart -leave a gap for magma to rise up in between -e.g. mid Atlantic ridge

Question 39

Destructive plate boundary and example

Answer 39

-oceanic plate descend below the less dense continental plate -as the plate descends it is melted due to friction with continental plate which forms hot liquid magma -e.g. the Andes in South America

Question 40

Collision plate boundary and example (Type of destructive)

Answer 40

-2 plates of similar densities move together -material between them buckles and rises up -e.g. Himalayas

Question 41

Conservative plate boundary and example

Answer 41

-2 plates do not collide but slide past eachother along a fault -e.g. San Andreas fault, California

Question 42

Features found along constructive plate boundaries x2

Answer 42

-mid ocean ridges -rift valleys

Question 43

Features found along destructive plate boundaries x6

Answer 43

-powerful earthquakes -volcanoes -fold mountains -ocean trenches -mid ocean ridges -rift valleys

Question 44

Features found along conservative plate boundaries x1

Answer 44

-powerful earthquakes

Question 45

3 possible destructive plate boundaries

Answer 45

-oceanic + oceanic -oceanic + continental -continental + continental (collision)

Question 46

Distribution of volcanoes

Answer 46

-constructive and destructive plate margins -absent at conservative margins -some occur within plates (e.g. the Hawaiian hot spot) and along rift valleys (e.g. the great African rift valley) -location affects the type and magnitude of the eruption, and the type of magma