HC3

Question 1

Sturge-Weber syndrome

Answer 1

port-wine stain
calcification of the gyri (kronkels)
epilespy
hemiparesis

Question 2

conclusions of lesion studies

Answer 2

after left hemisperectomy: impairments in all language functions

after right; borderline performance

etiology matters:
- more severe impairment for cortical dysplasia (in cell migration didnt reach right areas)

• best outcome for left vascular aand right rasmussen (epilepsie aanvallen langdurig)

Question 3

exogenous attention is triggered by external stimuli and reflexive, develops earlier/later in childhood and is involved in which brain region?

Answer 3

earlier in childhood

Parietal = tactile, somatic sensory information, orienting, associative functions

Question 4

endogenous attention is internal and voluntary

develops later/earlier in childhood

involved in brain regions:

Answer 4

later in childhood

anterior cingulate and prefrontal regions

Question 5

subtypes of attention

Answer 5

vigilance/sustained attention

selective attention

attentional control

Question 6

what falls under attentional control?

Answer 6

inhibition

divided attention

self-regulation and monitoring

Question 7

selective attention

what processes does it entail

at what age can child focus

when are growth spurts

Answer 7

• Temporoparietal cortex and basal ganglia
• disengagement, shifting, engagement, inhibition of return and
  anticipatory eye movements
• 7-10 months can already focus (Lawson & Ruff, 2004)
• Further growth spurts at:
  – 3-6 years of age
  – 8-10 years
  – Around 15 years

Question 8

timeframe of vigilance (sustained attention)

Answer 8

• Emerges gradually during infancy and early childhood
• Accelerated development 8-11 years old
• Only gradual improvements during adolescence

Question 9

attentional control (inhibition and attention control & divided attention)

what entails

Answer 9

• Divided attention
  – Little evidence for this before the
  age of 9 years
  – Linked to anterior cingulate and
  prefrontal cortex
• Inhibition & attention control
  – See executive function

Question 10

what are acquired attentional disorders?

Answer 10

traumatic brain injury

stroke

metabolic disorder

Question 11

what type of attention is measured with stroop task?

Answer 11

selective attention

inhibition

Question 12

what is the bourdon-vos task and what does it measure?

Answer 12

je moet van 33 stippenpatronen degenen doorstrepen die uit vier stippen bestaan

is voor kinderen van 6 tot 17 jaar

meet sustained en focused attention

de tijd dat ze erover doen wordt gemeten

Question 13

trail making task 2 versions what are they and hat do they measure

Answer 13

version A: focused attention verbind lijntjes van 1 naar 2 naar 3 etc

version B: divided attention verbind lijntje van 1 naar A naar 2 naar B etc

Question 14

what is test of everyday attention and details?

-age
-number of subtests
-what does it measure

Answer 14

• 6-16 years
• Nine subtests
• Assessing:
  – Selective attention
  – Sustained attention
  – Attention control
  – Response inhibition
• Dutch and Australian norms available

Question 15

processes of memory in chronological order?

Answer 15

encoding

storage

retrieval

Question 16

what is the difference btwn recognition and retrieval?

Answer 16

retrieval is being able to reproduce previously learnt information

Question 17

duration of sensory register

Answer 17

milli- to seconds

Question 18

duration & capacity short-term memory

Answer 18

several minutes
~7 items

Question 19

duration and capacity long term memory

Answer 19

hours, days, months, years
capacity > 7 items

Question 20

what is the development of short-term/ and working memory (temporary) influenced by?

Answer 20

repetition speed and

development of strategies such as chunking

Question 21

development of WM/STM?

Answer 21

Gradual increase in memory span
* 3-4 items: 3 years old
* 5-6 items: 9 years old
* 7 or more: early adolescence

Question 22

why does implicit memory develop earlier than explicit memory?

Answer 22

the basal ganglia and
brainstem are relatively well developed at birth.

Question 23

what is the contingent leg kicking paradigm and what does it measure?

Answer 23

an infant’s leg is tethered to an overhead mobile and subsequent leg kicks cause the mobile to move providing reinforcement to the infant; when you put them in same crib sometime later, they
move the leg that was attached to the mobile;

measure of implicit, procured memory.

Question 24

what areas (related to explicit memory) are less developed at birth?

Answer 24

The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

Question 25

what is the delayed non-matching to sample task?

Answer 25

The DNMS task requires the subject to compare a presented sample object with a previously presented comparison object and encourages the selection of a novel object with an object’s second presentation. An edible reward is given to the subject to encourage the novel item selection. After learning the rule for avoiding the familiar object in favor of novelty, the delay period between object demonstrations is increased from 10 to 120 seconds and the number of displayed objects requiring recollection increases involved in hippocampal regions (lesions in monkeys impaired performance on dnms task)

Question 26

what is the conscious memory system in place at birth and what does it develop into? + areas involved

Answer 26

at birth: pre-explicit system > mainly hippocampus after birth gradually develops into: explicit system > hippocampus + temporal cortex

Question 27

in dnms what systems are in place?

Answer 27

explicit: pointing preference pre-explicit: looking preference

Question 28

what brain area involved in memory takes even longer to develop? and what exactly is it involved in?

Answer 28

the prefrontal lobe is involved in organisation of memory and retrieval strategies (metacognition)

Question 29

when does source memory develop?

Answer 29

after 4 years of age

Question 30

what develops earlier; recognition or recall?

Answer 30

recall develops earlier

Question 31

can you have semantic memory without episodic memory?

Answer 31

yes, you don't need to remember where you learnt it jon had a premature birth (26 weeks) and showed impaired episodic memory; impaired spatial memory but normal semantic memory, normal intelligence, verbal functions also normal, recognition better than recollection.

Question 32

what are possible explanations of early injury of hippocampus in JON and being able to recognize but nog recollect and normal semantic memory?

Answer 32

(1) recollection recognition memory is impaired, semantic and familiarity recognition memory intact (static model) (2) Temporary projections of rhinal cortex to hippocampus remain because of lesion, therefore intact semantic memory (3) Reorganisation of memory network (more bilateral activity in Jon compared to controls)

Question 33

what is developmental amnesia?

Answer 33

memory disorder resulting from abnormal neural development or damage before birth, usually no laterality effects. Different aspects of memory can be impaired in different combinations. Selective, therefore the other cognitive functions often develop normally.

Question 34

what is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 34

loss of memory of previously learnt information.

Question 35

what is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 35

inability to learn new information. Patients with amnesia usually have problems forming new explicit memories. Implicit learning often remains intact.

Question 36

what are causes of acquired memory disorders?

Answer 36

Causes: * Traumatic brain injury * Anoxia * Epilepsy * Tumour * Neurosurgery

Question 37

what is the corsi block test and what does is measure?

Answer 37

9 blokjes voor participant, proefleider tikt blokjes in bepaalde volgorde aan, participant moet die volgorde nadoen meerdere keren measures short term memory

Question 38

what tests measure STM?

Answer 38

WISC-V series of numbers and corsi block test

Question 39

Rey auditory verbal learning test what is it & what age group

Answer 39

(Dutch version, 15 woorden test) 6-12 years old

Question 40

what tests measure recall/retention?

Answer 40

rey auditory verbal learning test 15 woorden test story recall test (immediate and delayed reproduction)

Question 41

what is measured with the kaufman abc II test + what are the norms?

Answer 41

norms: 3-18 yo non-verbal working memory: * Movements of the hand: copying movements of the hand in a certain order Spatial memory: * remembering the position of a picture on a page * Recognising faces: recognising a certain face from a large group of faces

Question 42

what is Rey complex figure for implicit non-verbal memory and what are the norms?

Answer 42

6-89 yo It includes immediate copy and delayed recall. Subjects copy complex geometric shapes and then reproduce them from memory. The neuropsychological dysfunction of a subject can be assessed by drawing performance, including attention and concentration, fine-motor coordination, visuospatial perception, non-verbal memory, planning and organization, and spatial orientation disadv; strong learning effect

Question 43

EF: when do growth spurs in prefrontal myelinisation occur?

Answer 43

– 0-2 years – 7-9 years – 16-19 years

Question 44

when does object permanence develop?

Answer 44

after 7 months of age

Question 45

what are two aspects in the A not B task?

Answer 45

short term memory and inhibition of previous response

Question 46

name four components of EF

Answer 46

* Attentional control * Cognitive flexibility * Goal setting * Information processing

Question 47

in normal development of attentional control, when does it develop?

Answer 47

starts in babies, and goes quickly during the first years of life. – Growth spurt around 15 years old

Question 48

when do cognitive flexibility, goal setting and information processing develop?

Answer 48

Later, usually btwn 7-9 yo and is relatively mature around 12 yo followed by integration with executive control

Question 49

how do you measure cognitive flexibility and what are the norms?

Answer 49

w/ the WCST 6.5-89

Question 50

what test measures divided attention and what are norms?

Answer 50

version B of trail making test> from 12 years onwards

Question 51

what test measures planning? norms

Answer 51

tower of london 7-15 & 16-80

Question 52

what test measures inhibition?

Answer 52

luria hand gestures and tapping game

Question 53

what is bads-c?

Answer 53

8-16 years): playing cards test, water test, key searching test, zoo map test, six-part test, DEX questionnaire.

Question 54

brief

Answer 54

Questionnaire (86 items) completed by parents/teacher * From 5-18 years. * Two factors – Regulation of behaviour (inhibit, shift, and emotional control) – Metacognition (initiate, working memory, plan/organise, organisation of materials, and monitor)