Clinical Correlations > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Define lymphadenopathy

A

Abnormality in size or character of one or more lymph nodes

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lymphadenopathy?

A

Localized or generalized lymph node involvement

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3
Q

What are the potential etiologies of lymphadenopathy?

A
  • Infectious or inflammatory disease
  • Neoplasm
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Exposure to toxic/medication
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4
Q

What is anemia?

A

Deficiency in the quantity or quality of blood

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5
Q

List some signs and symptoms of anemia

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Pallor
  • Fatigue
  • Lethargy
  • Palpitations
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6
Q

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?

A

Anemia caused by excessive blood loss, poor iron intake, poor iron absorption, or increased demand for iron

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7
Q

What characterizes Pernicious Anemia?

A

Deficiency in daily intake or absorption of Vitamin B12

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8
Q

What are the signs of Folate Deficiency Anemia?

A
  • Red, smooth, beefy tongue
  • Sore tongue
  • Pain on swallowing
  • Hyperpigmentation of skin
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9
Q

What is the definition of benign hypertension?

A

Abnormal elevation in arterial pressure recorded as systolic/diastolic mm Hg

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10
Q

What does systolic blood pressure measure?

A

Pressure in arteries during the contraction of the heart muscles

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11
Q

What does diastolic blood pressure measure?

A

Pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats

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12
Q

What are early signs and symptoms of hypertension?

A
  • Headache
  • Tinnitus
  • Dizziness
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13
Q

What are advanced signs and symptoms of hypertension?

A
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Angina
  • Renal failure
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14
Q

What is the risk of death from ischemic heart disease and stroke for adults ages 40-89?

A

Risk doubles with every 20 mm Hg systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic increase

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15
Q

What is the dental treatment recommendation for normal blood pressure?

A

Any required, no physician referral necessary

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The dietary approach to stop hypertension is known as the _______.

A

DASH diet

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17
Q

What lifestyle modifications are encouraged for hypertension management?

A
  • Weight loss
  • DASH diet
  • Regular aerobic physical activity
  • Quit smoking
  • Limit alcohol intake
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18
Q

What is the significance of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension?

A

It is a prognostic indicator of cardiovascular risk

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19
Q

What is the management consideration for patients with anemia presenting for dental treatment?

A

Coordinate care with physician if symptoms are present

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20
Q

What is the recommended action if a patient presents with dyspnea and Hb levels below 11 g/dL?

A

Routine dental treatment should be deferred

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21
Q

What is the classification of hypertension for a systolic blood pressure of 130-139 mm Hg?

A

Stage 1 hypertension

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22
Q

What defines a hypertensive crisis?

A

Blood pressure ≥180 mm Hg and/or ≥120 mm Hg with symptoms

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23
Q

What are some conditions that can lead to hemolytic anemia?

A
  • Sickle cell anemia
  • G6PD deficiency
  • Pyruvate kinase deficiency
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24
Q

What is the impact of blood loss on anemia?

A

May impair oxygen delivery to tissues

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25
What is the clinical presentation of lymphadenopathy based on anatomic site?
Varies in percentages
26
What components are emphasized in the DASH diet for managing hypertension?
Fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products ## Footnote The DASH diet also emphasizes limiting cholesterol-rich foods, saturated and total fats, and sodium intake.
27
What is the recommended sodium intake for the DASH diet?
<1500 milligrams/day (1/2 tsp) ## Footnote This is a key component for managing hypertension.
28
What type of physical activity is recommended for hypertension management?
Regular aerobic physical activity on most days for 30 minutes of brisk walking ## Footnote This helps in maintaining cardiovascular health.
29
What are the recommendations regarding alcohol intake for hypertension management?
Limit to no more than 1 oz/day (2 drinks for men and 1 drink for women) ## Footnote Alcohol can affect blood pressure levels.
30
What is a common side effect of medications used to manage hypertension?
Xerostomia ## Footnote Other side effects can include lichenoid drug eruption and orthostatic hypotension.
31
What is the blood pressure threshold for hypotension?
<90/60 mm Hg ## Footnote Symptoms may include heart palpitations, blurred vision, and dizziness.
32
What are some possible causes of hypotension?
* Cardiovascular conditions * Endocrine conditions * Anemia * Medications for hypertension ## Footnote Conditions like bradycardia and heart valve issues can also contribute.
33
What is the normal resting heart rate range?
60-100 bpm ## Footnote This range is considered normal for adults.
34
What is tachycardia?
Heart beats faster than normal (> 100 bpm) ## Footnote This can be a sign of underlying health issues.
35
What is bradycardia?
Heart beats too slowly (< 60 bpm) ## Footnote This can also indicate health problems.
36
What are the classifications of arrhythmias based on the site of origin?
* Supraventricular Arrhythmias * Ventricular Arrhythmias ## Footnote Supraventricular arrhythmias occur above the His bundle, while ventricular arrhythmias originate in the ventricles.
37
What is the most common adult arrhythmia?
Atrial Fibrillation ## Footnote It can lead to complications such as stroke and heart failure.
38
What is the ejection fraction (EF) range for normal cardiac function?
50-70% ## Footnote An EF below 40% may indicate heart failure.
39
What are some signs and symptoms of heart failure?
* Dyspnea * Edema * Orthopnea * Fatigue ## Footnote These symptoms can significantly impact quality of life.
40
What are some common causes of heart failure?
* Coronary heart disease * Hypertension * Cardiomyopathy ## Footnote Other causes include myocarditis, congenital heart disease, and valvular heart disease.
41
What is the purpose of anticoagulation therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation?
To prevent thromboembolic events ## Footnote Medications include Warfarin, Clopidogrel, and Dabigatran.
42
What should be considered when scheduling dental procedures for patients with cardiac devices?
Consult with the treating cardiologist for information on electromagnetic interference ## Footnote This is crucial for safe dental management.
43
What is the significance of pitting edema in heart failure?
A depression remains in the edematous tissue after pressure is applied ## Footnote It indicates fluid retention and poor circulation.
44
Fill in the blank: The typical clinical appearance of oral lichen planus is characterized by _______.
[white papules and lace-like reticulations] ## Footnote These lesions are generally bilateral and affect various sites in the oral cavity.
45
What is coronary microvascular disease characterized by?
Prolonged chest pain, effort-induced, poor response to oral nitrates ## Footnote It involves small blood vessels of the heart and may also include epicardial coronary artery vasospasm.
46
What are the common risk factors in patients with hypertension?
* Current cigarette smoking * Diabetes mellitus * Dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia * Overweight/obesity * Physical inactivity/low fitness * Unhealthy diet * Chronic kidney disease (CKD) * Family history * Increased age * Socioeconomic inequities * Male sex * Obstructive sleep apnea * Psychosocial stress ## Footnote Modifiable risk factors can be changed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
47
What is stable angina?
Predictably reproducible, unchanging, and consistent over time, precipitated by exertion, eating, or stress, relieved by cessation of activity, rest, or nitroglycerin.
48
What defines unstable angina?
New-onset pain, increasing in frequency and intensity, occurring at rest, not readily relieved by nitroglycerin.
49
What should be assessed for dental management of patients with ischemic heart disease?
* Severity of the disease * Ability to tolerate dental care * Type and magnitude of the dental procedure
50
What is the reported cardiac risk for aortic and other major vascular surgery?
Often >5% ## Footnote This indicates a high risk for patients with a history of unstable angina or myocardial infarction.
51
What are the signs and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction?
* Chest pressure, tightness, or pain * Radiating pain to left arm, neck, jaw, or back * No relief with nitroglycerin for >15 minutes * Dyspnea or wheezing * Abdominal pain * Nausea * Diaphoresis * Fatigue * Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness
52
What is infective endocarditis?
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves due to bacterial or fungal infection.
53
What are common signs and symptoms of infective endocarditis?
* Fever * Osler nodes * Heart murmur * Petechiae * Janeway lesions * Subungual (splinter) hemorrhages * Roth spots
54
What conditions indicate the need for antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures?
* Prosthetic cardiac valves * History of infective endocarditis * Cardiac transplant with valve regurgitation due to a structurally abnormal valve * Unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease * Any repaired congenital heart defect with residual shunts or valvular regurgitation
55
Which dental procedures do not require endocarditis prophylaxis?
* Routine anesthetic injections through noninfected tissue * Taking dental radiographs * Placement of removable prosthodontic or orthodontic appliances * Adjustment of orthodontic appliances * Shedding of deciduous teeth
56
What is the significance of hypertensive fundus in hypertension?
Indicates thickened arteriole walls and narrowed vessel lumen, affecting light reflex.
57
What characterizes atheromatous plaque?
Reduced artery lumen, with a fibrous cap and lipid core visible.
58
What is the role of maintenance of good oral health in preventing infective endocarditis?
More important than antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing viridans group streptococcal infective endocarditis.
59
What is the main cause of most myocardial infarctions?
Acute thrombus obstructing an atherosclerotic coronary artery.
60
What is chronic kidney disease (CKD) classified as?
A relatively fixed risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
61
True or False: Unstable angina can be relieved by nitroglycerin.
False
62
Fill in the blank: The irreversible necrosis of myocardial cells secondary to prolonged lack of oxygen supply is known as _______.
myocardial infarction
Clinical Correlations
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