Heart

Question 1

Pleural cavity

Answer 1

Parietal pleura around inside of thoracic cavity, visceral pleura around lungs

Question 2

Pericardial cavity

Answer 2

Between parietal layer and visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 3

Pericardium

Answer 3

Double-walled sac enclosing the heart

Question 4

Myocardium

Answer 4

Middle layer of heart wall, thick bundles of cardiac muscle in ringlike arrangements

Question 5

Intercalated discs

Answer 5

Gap junctions between cardiac cells, each is directly connected to the cell next to it

Question 6

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 6

Between heart and lungs

• arteries, away from the heart, are deoxygenated
• veins, returning to the heart, are oxygenated

Question 7

Systemic circuit

Answer 7

Between heart and organs of body

• arteries, away from heart, are oxygenated
• veins, returning to heart, are deoxygenated

Question 8

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 8

1. Right AV valve, tricuspid valve

2. Left AV valve, bicuspid/mitral valve

Question 9

Chordae tendinae and papillary muscle

Answer 9

Anchor cusps to walls of ventricles, prevent cusps from swinging back into aorta when ventricles contract

Question 10

Semilunar valves

Answer 10

Blood goes through these on its way out of the heart.

• Pulmonary semilunar valve
• Aortic semilunar valve

Question 11

Path of blood through heart

Answer 11

1. Superior or inferior vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Right AV/tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
6. Pulmonary trunk/arteries
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary veins
9. Left atrium
10. Left AV/bicuspid valve
11. Left ventricle
12. Aortic semilunar valve
13. Aorta

Question 12

Initial Stimuli that affect Stroke Volume

Answer 12

Crisis Stressors
Low Blood pressure
High blood pressure or blood volume
Exercise
Decreased blood volume (hemorrhage)
Hormones (epinephrine, thyroxine)

Question 13

Initial Stimuli that increase Heart Rate

Answer 13

Sympathetic nervous system
- Crisis
- Low blood pressure
Hormones
- Epinephrine 
- Thyroxine
Exercise
Decreased Blood Volume

Question 14

Initial Stimuli that can increase blood pressure

Answer 14

Decreased blood volume
Exercise
Postural changes
Chemicals (renin, nicotine, and others)
Increased blood viscosity

Question 15

Cardiac Cycle

Answer 15

1. Mid-to-late diastole
2. Ventricular systole
3. Early diastole

Question 16

Initial Stimuli that decrease Heart Rate

Answer 16

Parasympathetic nervous system
High blood pressure or high blood volume
- Carotid pulse and exercise
Decreased venous return