What is heart failure also referred to as?
Congestive cardiac failure
What is heart failure caused by?
Low cardiac output
What are the types of heart failure?
- LVF
- RVF
- mixed
What are the main causes of LVF?
- interstitial disease especially previous MIs
- cardiomyopathy
- valvular disease
Why do previous MIs cause LVF?
-when have an MI and some of the muscle dies off then that causes scarring which means the ventricle cant contract very well
What causes RVF?
- LVF
- Cor pulmonale
- congenital heart disease
What are the symptoms of LVF?
- dyspnoea on exertion/rest
- orthopnoea
- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
- pulmonary oedema
What are the signs of LVF?
- tachycardia
- fine crepitation
- pleural effusion
- 3rd heart sound
What do you get if you mix the third heart sound with tachycardia?
galloping
What do you see on a CXR in LVF?
- cardiomegaly
- bats wing shadows on lower zones
- interstitial fluid
What is another cause of pleural effusions?
lung cancer
What are the symptoms of RVF?
oedema
What are the signs of RVF?
- oedema
- elevated JVP
- hepatomegaly
- ascites
What would you see on a CXR in RVF?
normal usually since you dont see the R side on CXR most the time
In which causes for HF is standard medical therapy for HF used?
- Previous Mis
- Cardiomyopathies
What is the specific therapy used for HF caused by cor pulmonale?
-Rx diuretics and oxygen only
What is the specific therapy used for HF caused by valvular disease?
-surgery ideally (valve replacement)
What is the specific therapy used for HF caused by fast AF?
Digoxin or DC shock
What is the most commonly used standard medical treatment for CCF?
- diuretics
- ACEI
- Bblockers
- spironolactone
What can also be considered standard medical treatment for CCF?
- digoxin
- other vasodilators
- implantable cardiac defibrillators
- cardiac resynchronisation therapy
- transplantation
Which diuretic is preferred in CCF?
loop diuretics
What is one of the side effects of furosemide?
lose potassium
How can the loss of potassium be regained?
use of furosemide alongside ACEI and spiralactone which increase K
What is one of the most undesired side effects of spiralactone?
Gynaecomastia - reduces the male hormones in men causing moobs. Reduces female hormones in women as well
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Origin and Conductance of Cardiac Impulse36
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Force generation by the heart34
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Cardiac cycle12
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Drugs modifying cardiac rate and force63
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ECG theory and practice45
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Control of arterial blood pressure51
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intergration of cardivascular mechanisms34
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Anatomy of heart34
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Drugs affecting the vascualature and BP44
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Drugs used in cardiology67
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ant arrythmatic drugs0
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Anatomy of chest pain28
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cardiacresponses to shock22
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lipid metabolism57
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cardiovascular risk factors44
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pathology of hypertension32
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atheroma and its complications2
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Thrombosis, embolism and Infarction0
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Anticoagulant, anti platlet and anti thrombotic drugs78
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Special circulations44
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm71
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Chronic lower limb ischemia27
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Venous Thromboembolic disease40
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Stroke41
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Myocardial Infarction85
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fluid movement across the memebrane36
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Heart Failure34
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Arrythmias76
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AF39
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Valvular disease40
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Embryology of circulatory system26
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genetics of arrythmia21
