wet AMD pathogenesis vs sxs vs tx
photoreceptors & pig epith send VEGF & cytok to choroid capillaries –> neovasc under macula –> leaky vessels –> Bruschen breaks down, scarring macula & fibrosis vs metamorphosia, central vision blind spots vs anti-angio/VEGF drugs, photodynamic therapy (photosensitizer + cold laser), laser photocoag, surg
dry AMD pathogenesis vs sxs vs tx
insuff O2 & nutrients to photoreceptors –> inc metabolic wastes –> drusen/hyaline vs blurry vision, incipient/geographic atrophy vs ARED2 formula
how to dx AMD?
visual acuity, Amsler grid test, ophthalmoscope, fluorescein & ICG angio, optical adherence tomography
retinal detach cause vs sxs vs tx
ctx vitreous vs flashes, floaters, periph retinal tears, scotoma vs retinal laser (ablate, adhere retinal tear down}
risk factors vs genetics of macular degen
age, smoke, HTN/CVD, fhx, gender vs auto dom, complement factor H
3 types of ectopia lentis
marfans –> dislocates upward
homocysteinuria –> dislocates downward
more spherical lens –> inc myopia
5 common retinal eye surg
macular hole repair, retinal detach repair, DM hem removal, remove IOFB, remove dropped artificial lens
AMD rehab
low vision aids, closed circuit TV, simple magnifiers/reading glasses
TED clinical findings
lymphocytes, mastocytes, plasmocytes. collagen & GAG deposits in muscle –> fibrosis. lipogenesis from preadipocytes & fibroblasts
TED pathogenesis vs tx
TsHR = ag on orbital fat & connective tissue vs teprotummab = IGF1R inhibitor
TED clinical signs
eyelid retraction, lid lag on infraduction, globe lag on supraduction, lagophthalmos
HTN retinopathy sxs vs complications
HA, blurry; macular star, inc arteriovenous pressure/swell, microaneurysm, optic disc swelling vs central retinal v occlusion, blown out capillaries, prolif retinopathy –> PRP, heart/kid complications
4 signs vs 4 txs of retinoblastoma
leukocoria, strab, pseudohypophon, hyphemia vs enucleation, irrad, laser, cryo/chemo
when to do screening for ROP vs retinal exam
<30 wks, <1500g, >30 wks if cardiopulm support vs 4-6wks, 31-32wks post conception
3 signs of retinitis pigmentosa vs 3 zones of ROP w/ assoc of ea?
loss night -> periph -> central vision. usher syndrome (+ hearing loss) vs post/inner 30 degrees, middle ora ser nasally, outer ora ser temporally. plus dz
strabismus tx. should not be dxed earlier than what age?
patch good eye, glasses, atropine eye drops, surgical reposition/resection of extraocular muscle. 6wks old
Pierre Robin syndrome sxs vs complications vs tx
mandibular hypoplasia vs resp distress, feeding difficulties, dec hearing, ear infxn vs resp/nutritional support, prone –> tongue falls forward, intub +/- tracheostomy
stickler syndrome sxsx
auto dom. flat facies, inner canthal folds, midfacial hypoplasia
TCs sxs vs complications vs tx
malar hypoplasia, slanted palp fissures, cleft palate, lower lid coloboma vs resp distress, feeding probs, conductive hearing loss, visual deficits vs facial reconstruction
hemifacial microsomia sxs vs complications vs tx
R>L lower side of face, malformed ear & mandible vs hearing, preauricular tags vs resp support, reconstruct
fetal alc syndrome sxs vs tx
flat nose, thin lips, microcephaly, IUGR/short, short palp fissures vs multidiscip, support nurturing environ, avoid violence/freq change, counseling
aniridia. Wilm’s tumor?
auto dom del 11q13 –> iris hypoplasia. del chrm 11 –> anridia, abd mass, retard mental, GU abnlities
RPE vs Bruch’s membrane
maintain photoreceptors, absorb stray light, form outer retinal barrier, phag + regen visual pig vs give O2 & nutrients from choroid to RPE, prevent overheat
how to dx vs tx uveitis
visual exam; skin tests for TB, toxocar, histo; blood test vs tx underlying cause, cycloplegics & steroids to eye
