Hemolymphatic 3

Question 1

what are the 2 types of bone marrow samples we can take

Answer 1

aspirate (cytology) and biopsy (histopath)

Question 2

what is a good bone to get a bone marrow aspirate from in dogs

Answer 2

the sternum

Question 3

blood samples capture a snapshot of neutrophil ______________ because they are __________ lived cells

Answer 3

production; short

Question 4

blood samples capture a snapshot of lymphocyte _____________ because they are ____________ lived cells

Answer 4

distribution; long

Question 5

what is the term for immature RBC

Answer 5

rubricytes

Question 6

what is a sign on CBC that anemia is CHRONIC as opposed to ACUTE

Answer 6

extremely low PCV… if it dropped acutely then the animal would have died, but if it drops slowly then the animal can compensate (ex. extramedullary hematopoiesis)

Question 7

why might hypocalcemia accompany hypoalbuminemia

Answer 7

because 1/2 serum calcium circulates bound to albumin

Question 8

what would you expect to see in a BONE MARROW aspirate if a patient had REGENERATIVE ANEMIA

Answer 8

erythrocytic hyperplasia (many rubricytes and other precursors)

Question 9

what would you expect to see in a BLOOD sample if a patient had REGENERATIVE ANEMIA

Answer 9

polychromatophils

Question 10

what would you expect to see in a BONE MARROW aspirate if a patient had NEUTROPHILIC INFLAMMATION with LEFT SHIFT

Answer 10

granulocytic hyperplasia ( specifically neutrophillic precursors)

Question 11

what would you expect to see in a BLOOD sample if a patient had NEUTROPHILIC INFLAMMATION with LEFT SHIFT

Answer 11

band cells, neutrophils

Question 12

what would you expect to see in a BLOOD sample if a patient had IMHA

Answer 12

ghost cells, agglutination, small/dense/round RBC

Question 13

what would you expect to see in the BONE MARROW of a patient with IMHA

Answer 13

erythrocytic hyperplasia

Question 14

how long does it take to increase erythroid or granulocyte production in the bone marrow

Answer 14

2-3 days (depends on age of animal, concurrent illness, nutritional status)

Question 15

how long does it take to produce a new neutrophil from an undifferentiated precursor cell into the blood

Answer 15

approx 6d (5-7)

Question 16

what is the proportion of granulocyte:erythroid precursors for the following species:
- dogs
- cats
- large animals

Answer 16

dogs and cats: 1:1
large animals 1:2 to 1:3 (larger proportion = erythrocytic)

Question 17

what would you expect to see in the BLOOD of a patient with oxidative damage resulting in hemolytic anemia

Answer 17

Heinz bodies

Question 18

what would you expect to see in the BONE MARROW of a patient with oxidative damage resulting in hemolytic anemia

Answer 18

erythrocytic hyperplasia

Question 19

what would you expect to see in the BLOOD of a patient with thrombocytopenia

Answer 19

little to no platelets present (accompanied with the clinical sign of petichiae and ecchymoses)

Question 20

what would you expect to see in the BONE MARROW of a patient with thrombocytopenia

Answer 20

megakaryocytic hyperplasia

Question 21

what stain highlights iron in the bone marrow

Answer 21

Prussian blue or Perl’s

Question 22

what are 4 broad causes of aplastic anemia

Answer 22

1) infectious agents
2) toxins
3) drugs/hormones
4) idiopathic (autoimmune)

Question 23

what are examples of infectious agents that cause aplastic anemia

Answer 23

anaplasmosis, FeLV, parvovirus, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)

Question 24

what are examples of drugs/hormones that cause aplastic anemia

Answer 24

estrogen, chemotherapy, phenobarbital, TMS, phenylbutazone

Question 25

what are examples of toxins that cause aplastic anemia

Answer 25

bracken tern, trichloroethylene

Question 26

what is myelofibrosis

Answer 26

overgrowth of bone marrow cavity by fibroblasts

Question 27

what causes myelofibrosis

Answer 27

aberrant cytokine production by chronically stimulated bone marrow cells, leukemia, idiopathic

Question 28

what makes diagnosing myelofibrosis difficult

Answer 28

cannot aspirate, must get a biopsy for diagnosis

Question 29

what are the differences between acute and chronic leukemia

Answer 29

acute: rapidly progressing, cytopenias, animal sick, abnormal looking cells chronic: slowly progressing, fairly normal cells, organ infiltration

Question 30

what are the characteristics of myelodysplastic leukemias

Answer 30

abnormal cells, chronic cytopenia, not very ill, does not progress quickly but also do not get better (like chronic leukemia but abnormal looking cells and cytopenias)

Question 31

what organ is important to aspirate as part of a leukemia diagnosis and why

Answer 31

spleen; occasionally get splenic disease with leukemia

Question 32

how do we grade/classify leukemias

Answer 32

using immunophenotyping and cytochemistry (specialized tests beyond cytology and biopsy)

Question 33

can the type of leukemia always be identified

Answer 33

can usually ID acute vs MDS vs chronic but differentiating further requires specialized testing

Question 34

why is it important to type leukemia

Answer 34

prognosis differs depending on acute vs MDS vs chronic

Question 35

is leukemia always in the bone marrow?

Answer 35

No; ex can come from the spleen

Question 36

what else, besides leukemia, can give really high leukocyte counts

Answer 36

chronic inflammation, paraneoplastic leukocytosis