1
Q
Composition of blood:
A
Liquid portion: plasma
Cellular portion: RBC, WBC, platelets
2
Q
Characteristics of mature erythrocytes (RBC)
A
- Anuclear biconcave disks
- 65% water and 35% solids
3
Q
Hemoglobin structure
A
- Heme: pigmented portion; produced by mitochondria, contains iron atoms (Fe++)
- Goblin: protein portion; produced by ribosomes.
4 heme group per goblin
4
Q
Extravascular Hemolysis
A
- Macrophages remove senescent RBCs from circulation. RBC are broken down into components that can be recycled in the body or eliminated.
- RBC membrane destroyed
- Iron transported to red bone marrow
- AA from globin mol are transported to the liver for re-use
(there’s more i just didn’t include it)
5
Q
Senescence
A
Process of ageing
6
Q
Intravascular hemolysis
A
- RBCs in circulation subjected to stresses
- This can result in RBC fragmentation and/or destruction
- Hemoglobin released directly into the blood stream
7
Q
Thrombocytes (platelets) functions
A
- Maintain vascular integrity
- Formation of platelet plugging
- Stabilize the hemostatic plug
IMPORTANT: 4. Plays a role in blood coagulation!
- No nucleus
8
Q
Leukocytes (WBC) and their functions (3)
A
- Neutrophil: phagocytosis, fights infections.
- Basophil: Histamine (initiate inflammation) and heparin (local anticoagulant). Acute & delayed allergic reactions.
- Eosinophil: anti-inflammatory, immunity, phagocytosis.
9
Q
Non-specific immune reactions
A
- Made up of neutrophils and macrophages.
- Ingest foreign cells/materials.
- Then pathogens are presented to the specific immune system.
10
Q
Specific immunity
A
- Made up of memory cells, B-cells and T-cells.
- Will take pathogens presented by non-specific and create antibodies.
- Now the cells have “memory” of the pathogens.
11
Q
Natural killer cells
“destroyer cells”
A
Come in direct contact with with tumor and tissues cells that have been invaded by viruses and destroy them
12
Q
Types of immunoglobulins: (5)
A
- IgM: first Ig made during exposure to an antigen
- IgG: made when animals exposed to an antigen for a long time or when exposed to the antigen for the second time
- IgA: can leave blood and enter tissues fluids; plays a role in protecting mucosal surfaces
- IgE: associated with allergic responses
- IgD: function is unknown :(
13
Q
GALT: Gut Associated Lymph Tissue
(This is the largest lymphoid organ in the body!)
A
- Lymphoid tissue found in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa
- GALT is classified as both central and peripheral lymphoid tissue
14
Q
Structure, location, and function of Tonsils
A
- Structure: Nodules of peripheral lymphoid tissue. Not covered with a capsule
- Location: Found close to mucosal surfaces all over the body. In the beg of lymph drainage system.
- Function: In pharyngeal region prevent spread of infection into respiratory/digestive systems.
15
Q
Thymus location, structure, and function
Hint: This is most prominent in young animals
A
- Structure: In the caudal neck and cranial thoracic region either side of the trachea.
- Location: In the chest above/cranial to heart.
- Function: Processes thymocytes and T-cells
16
Q
Spleen location, function, and structure
(2nd largest lymphoid organ!)
A
- Structure: Tongue-shaped organ on the left side of the abdomen
- Location: Near stomach in simple stomached animals and near ruminant in ruminants.
- Function: White pulp is in localized areas of lymphoid tissue. Red pulp is blood vessels, tissue macrophages, and blood sinuses
17
Q
What are functions of red pulp in the spleen? (3)
White pulp? (1)
A
- Red pulp:
1. Blood storage
2. Removal of forgein material from circulation by tissues macrophages
3. Removal of dead, dying and abnormal RBC by tissues macrophages. - White pulp: Lymphocyte cloning during an immune response.
18
Q
Lymph node location, structure, and types
A
- Structure: Small kidney-bean-shaped.
- Location: Various points along the lymph vessels.
- Types: Afferent, efferent, cortex, and medulla
19
Q
Function of afferent, efferent, medulla, and cortex lymph nodes
FINISH!
A
- Afferent lymph vessels empty fluid just beneath the capsule (go in).
- Efferent lymph vessels exit the lymph node in indented hilus area (go out).
- Cortex
- Medulla
20
Q
Thrombocytes (platelets) origin
Note: This isn’t a complete cell
A
- The cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte
- Megakaryocyte goes thru mitosis w/o dividing, only getting more nuclei, this allows platelets to trim off into the general circulation
- Simplified: Hemopoietic stem cell -> promegakaryocyte -> megakaryocyte -> platelet
21
Q
Thrombopoiesis
A
The production of platelets
22
Q
Passive immunity
A
- Receiving antibodies from an external source
- Maternal antibodies that are passed from mother to fetus through the placenta (transplacental)
- Antibody rich milk the mother produces right before/after birth that off spring will consume
23
Q
Active immunity
A
- Exposure to antigen that triggers animals own immune response
- Memory T- or B-cells are produced
- Can be achieved through vaccination (killed or modified live) or from environment
24
Q
Formation of lymph fluid (lymph formation)
A
- Excess interstitial tissue (AKA fluid) picked up by small lymph capillaries that start blindly in the interstitial spaces of soft tissue.
- Fluid enters/leaves tissues spaces due to blood pressure and osmotic pressure
25
Lymph circulation
FINISH
26
Lymphatic system functions
1. Removal of excess tissue fluid
2. Waste material transport
- Interstitial fluid contains some of the waste, materials from the tissue cells
3. Filtration of the lymph
- Removal of microorganisms, cellular debris, and other foreign matter
4. Protein transport
27
Functions of the immune system (4)
1. Ohagocyotsis and destruction of forgein cells
2. Lysis of forgein cell membranes
3. Inactivation of pathogenic organisms or chemical substances
4. Precipitation or agglutination
28
Monocyte: function and description
- Function: Most important phagocytic cell.
- Description: Largest peripheral WBC. Indented nucleus. Blue-gray cytoplasm and sometimes contained vacuoles.
29
Lymphocyte: function and description
- Function: Regulates immune system. Plays a role in antibody production
- Description: Smallest WBC. Round blue nucleus and light blue cytoplasm.
30
Erythrocyte: function and description
- Function: Transports O2 and CO2.
- Description: Biconcave disc. Stains pink-red.
31
