Heredity (my flashcards, incomplete)

Question 1

Homozygous genes are what?

Answer 1

The same

Question 2

Heterozygous genes are what?

Answer 2

Different

Question 3

Law of Segregation?

Answer 3

Each gamete gets one allele from each parent.

Question 4

Law of Independent Assortment?

Answer 4

Genes for different traits separate during gamete formation, unless they’re on the same chromosome.

Question 5

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 5

Heterozygotes. Both the traits are blended.

Question 6

Codominance?

Answer 6

Both traits are fully expressed.

Question 7

Multiple Alleles?

Answer 7

More than two alleles exist for a trait.

Question 8

Polygenic Inheritance?

Answer 8

Trait controlled by many genes (continuous range).

Question 9

Epistasis?

Answer 9

One gene masks another’s expression

Question 10

Pleitropy?

Answer 10

One gene affects many traits.

Question 11

Linked genes?

Answer 11

Genes on the same chromosome. They violate independent assortment. However, can be violated by crossing over in meiosis.

Question 12

Sex-linked traits?

Answer 12

Traits on the X or Y chromosome. Usually x, and if it is males are more heavily affected.

Question 13

Environmental Influence?

Answer 13

Environment affects gene expression.

Question 14

Typical ratio for a monohybrid cross? Geno and phenotypes.

Answer 14

1:2:1 (genotypes), 3:1 (phenotypes)

Question 15

Typical ratio for a dihybrid cross?

Answer 15

9:3:3:1 for phenotypes.

Question 16

Theoretical probability versus experimental probability?

Answer 16

Theoretical is what you think will happen and experimental is what actually happens.

Question 17

How does autosomal dominant appear on a pedigree?

Answer 17

If one parent is affected, all kids are too. If parents are unaffected, kids aren’t either.

Question 18

How does autosomal recessive appear on a pedigree?

Answer 18

Skips generations. Unaffected parents must be carriers.

Question 19

How does X-linked dominant appear on a pedigree?

Answer 19

Affected dad means all daughters affected.

Question 20

How does X-linked recessive appear on a pedigree?

Answer 20

Males are more affected and males never pass to sons. Affected males make carrier daughters.

Question 21

How does Y-linked appear on a pedigree?

Answer 21

Only in males. If Father has, all sons will too.

Question 22

How does mitochondrial inheritance appear on a pedigree?

Answer 22

Maternally passed on. Affected mother gives it to all her kids.

Question 23

Symbols in pedigrees?

Answer 23

Squares are boys, circles are girls, shaded is affected, half-shaded is carrier, horizontal line is married and vertical line is offspring.

Question 24

When can dominant traits skip generations?

Answer 24

If penetrance is incomplete.

Question 25

What is recessive epistatis?

Answer 25

Recessive epistasis is when two copies of a recessive allele completely hides the effect of another gene, even if it's dominant. (Recessive means that only if the gene for epistasis has two recessive alleles is the gene it would cancel actually cancelled.)

Question 26

What is the phenotype ratio for recessive epistasis?

Answer 26

9:3:4

Question 27

What's the beginning of both mitosis and meiosis and the phases of it and what each of those phases are?

Answer 27

Interphase, G1 is cell growth. Synthesis (S) is DNA replication. G2 is more cell growth and spindle fiber prep.

Question 28

Phases of mitosis and what happens in them?

Answer 28

Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope starts to break down, spindle fibers form, centrosomes move to opposite poles. Metaphase: Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers. Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms around now divided nuclei. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm and organelles divide, creating two identical daughter cells.

Question 29

Phases of meiosis and what happens in each?

Answer 29

Prophase 1: Homologous chromosomes pair up and cross over. Metaphase 1: Homologous chromosomes come to the metaphase plate. Telophase 1 + Cytokinesis: Two haploid cells are formed. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase 2 are all mitosis with haploid cells. Ends with 4vhaploid daughter cells

Question 30

What is a karotype and how are they arranged?

Answer 30

A picture of all the chromosomes in a human cell in homologous pairs and arranged from biggest to smallest, centromere position and banding pattern. Sex chromosomes are always last.

Question 31

How to read a karyotype?

Answer 31

Written as [number of chromosomes], [sex chromosomes], [if there is where is the extra chromosome].

Question 32

XX sex chromosomes mean what?

Answer 32

Female

Question 33

XY sex chromosomes mean what?

Answer 33

Male

Question 34

XXY sex chromosomes mean?

Answer 34

Klinefelter Syndrome

Question 35

X sex chromosome means what?

Answer 35

Turner Syndrome

Question 36

XXX sex chromosomes mean what?

Answer 36

Triple X syndrome/trisomy x