_Spinal Tracts:_ _White Area_ – outer – axons _Grey Area_– inside – cell bodies of neurons _Central Canal_– has CSF Anterior/Ventral Horn: Motor Think – people act before they think, motor first Dorsal Horn: Sensory Gyri: Pre-Central Gyrus: Primary Motor Cortex – think, people act before they think Post-Central Gyrus:Primary Sensory Cortex Orientation: The BIG fissure is at the FRONT Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Tract: Fine touch Proprioception Spinothalamic Tract: Lateral:Pain and Temperature Anterior:Crude (Soft) Touch Corticospinal Tract: Motor Lateral:Limbs Ventral:Axial Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Tract: Fine Touch and Proprioception _3 neurons:_ Dorsal root ganglion Medulla Thalamus Cell body in Dorsal Root Ganglion – axon ascends to Medulla – decussates in Medulla Now called Medial Lemniscus Pathway Then from Thalamus to Post Central Gyrus Spinothalamic Tract:Pain, Temperature, Crude Touch _3 Neurons:_ Dorsal Root Ganglion Dorsal Horn of Spinal Cord Thalamus Cell body in Dorsal Root Ganglion – then synapses to cell body in Dorsal Horn – then decussates in the spinal cord Then ascends to Thalamus – hence Spine to Thalamus, Spinothalamic Then from Thalamus to Post Central Gyrus NOTE: Dorsal Column and Spinothalamic are both SENSORY – go to Post Central Gyrus Corticospinal Tract:Pyramidal Tract - Motor _2 Neurons:_ UMN: Cortex to Anterior Horn LMN: Anterior Horn to Muscle Begins in Pre-Central Gyrus – Primary Motor Cortex Lateral Limbfibres decussate in the Medulla– called Pyramids Ventral Axial fibres decussate in Spinal Cordat their target level Then both synapse on to Anterior Horn Think: ‘Lateral Limb’ and ‘Anterior Axial’ Fine Touch vs Crude Touch: Fine is localising where you have been touched Crude – sense that you have been touched but not where Question:Why is soft/crude touch tested last? Why is it least specific? ![]() ![]() ![]()

High yield Flashcards by Arjun Guduguntla

Management of Post traumatic confusion

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Causes of Post Traumatic confusion

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Myotomes and Deep Tendon reflexes

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Causes of Leg Pain

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Dermatomes and Myotomes of Leg

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Causes of Massive Haemoptysis

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Local and Systemic factors for surgical wound

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ASA class for surgery

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Findings on lower limb neurological disease

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Aetiology of Stridor

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Causes of Goitre

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Characteristics of Spleen on physical examination

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Causes of Spleen Enlargement

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Collapsed Neonate

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Normal Heart Pressures

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UMN VS LMN

Remember:

The brain is a BRAKE- so if brain is fucked you lose the brake, so tone and reflexes increase.

So UMN– brain is broke – brake is broke – increased tone and reflexes

LMN:

Fasciculations (small muscle twitches)

Decreased Tone

Decreased Reflexes

Profound Muscle atrophy

Can affect:

Anterior Horn

Peripheral Nerve (made up of Ventral and Dorsal Nerve Roots)

NMJ

Muscle – Myopathy

UMN:

Spasticity – Positive Babinski

Increased Tone

Increased Reflexes

Minimal muscle atrophy

Remember:

Tone follows Reflexes – if tone decreases so will reflexes and vice versa. If they don’t follow, something is seriously wrong.

Fasciculations:

Irregular contractions of a group of muscle fibres innervated by one axon – a motor unit

Suggests reinnervation following nerve/motor neuron damage

Spasticity:

The whole muscle is contracted

So makes sense, UMN lesion means no brake on entire muscle, so entire muscle will be contracted

Can have hemiparesis – half the body contracted, or paraparesis – legs contracted.

Nerve Roots:

Can be compressed where it exits the spine – called Radiculopathy

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Spinal tracts

Spinal Tracts:

White Area – outer – axons
Grey Area– inside – cell bodies of neurons
Central Canal– has CSF

Anterior/Ventral Horn: Motor

Think – people act before they think, motor first

Dorsal Horn: Sensory

Gyri:

Pre-Central Gyrus: Primary Motor Cortex – think, people act before they think
Post-Central Gyrus:Primary Sensory Cortex

Orientation:

The BIG fissure is at the FRONT

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Tract:

Fine touch
Proprioception

Spinothalamic Tract:

Lateral:Pain and Temperature
Anterior:Crude (Soft) Touch

Corticospinal Tract: Motor

Lateral:Limbs
Ventral:Axial

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Tract: Fine Touch and Proprioception

3 neurons:
- Dorsal root ganglion
- Medulla
- Thalamus
Cell body in Dorsal Root Ganglion – axon ascends to Medulla – decussates in Medulla
- Now called Medial Lemniscus Pathway
Then from Thalamus to Post Central Gyrus

Spinothalamic Tract:Pain, Temperature, Crude Touch

3 Neurons:
- Dorsal Root Ganglion
- Dorsal Horn of Spinal Cord
- Thalamus
Cell body in Dorsal Root Ganglion – then synapses to cell body in Dorsal Horn – then decussates in the spinal cord
Then ascends to Thalamus – hence Spine to Thalamus, Spinothalamic
Then from Thalamus to Post Central Gyrus

NOTE: Dorsal Column and Spinothalamic are both SENSORY – go to Post Central Gyrus

Corticospinal Tract:Pyramidal Tract - Motor

2 Neurons:
- UMN: Cortex to Anterior Horn
- LMN: Anterior Horn to Muscle
Begins in Pre-Central Gyrus – Primary Motor Cortex
Lateral Limbfibres decussate in the Medulla– called Pyramids
Ventral Axial fibres decussate in Spinal Cordat their target level
Then both synapse on to Anterior Horn

Think: ‘Lateral Limb’ and ‘Anterior Axial’

Fine Touch vs Crude Touch:

Fine is localising where you have been touched
Crude – sense that you have been touched but not where

Question:Why is soft/crude touch tested last? Why is it least specific?

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Ascending Vs Descending Tracts

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Causes of Thrombocytosis

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Causes of bone pain / tenderness

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Myeloma Diagnosis

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Causes of Splenomegaly

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Risk factors for Thrombosis

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Side effects of Steroid use

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Antibiotic sensitivty and resistances

Presentations of Drug abusers

Tropical illnesses

Infectious disease common ones - incubation periods

HBV infection serological markers over time

HIV opportunistic infections

Porphyria

Upper limb myotomes

Lower Limb Myotomes

Anterior dermatomes

Posterior Dermatomes

High yield dermatomes

Sensation of hand and legs plus genital area

Gait Disorders

How to localise seizures

Venous territories of the brain

MS Mcdonald Criteria

Limb nerves and what they innervate

Presentations of Cystic Fibrosis

Signs of impending liver failure

DDx Collapsed Neonate

Causes of a Funny turn in a child

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Neonatal life support

Poorly taken care of child management

Iron poisoning Mx

Infantile Hypocalcemia Ddx

Childhood afebrile seizure Mx

Trisomy 21 Facies

Causes of congenital malformations

Complications of birth asphyxia

Causes of floppy infant

Neonatal Jaundice

Causes of infantile apnoea

Causes of unexpected respiratory distress

Complications of Premature birth

Conductive and sensoneurial hearing loss children

Causes of developmental regression

DDx back pain children

DDx paeds chronic headaches

Childhood stroke causes

Causes of learning difficulties

Causes of delayed walking

DDx childhood coma

Macrocephaly causes

CSF findings infections

Relative contraindications LP

DDx chronic polyarthritis child

Infection in individuals with cancer

Purpura causes in a child

Pancytopenia Ix

DDx pancytopenia

DDx rash child

Causes of weight loss child

Factors causing recurrent infections

Non-specific Sx of malaria

DDx measles

Causes of HTN Mnemonic

Types of miscarriage presentation

neonatal resus flowchart

Down syndrome

DDx nappy rash

Sebohorriec dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Psoriasis Langerhahns cell histiocytosis Thread worms Zinc deficiency Malabsorption - e.g. CF Crohn's disease Mx: Use disposable, use towels, increase frequency, barrier cream like vaseline, spend time without nappy, 1% hydrocortisone with imidazole if candidiasis

Eczema DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

MUST HAVE ITCH 3 or more of: - involvement in skin creases personal history of atopy or 1st degree realative if \<4 History of dry skin in last year Onset under age of 2 Visible flexural eczema MX: Avoid triggers - heat, material ,dryness, regular moisturiser Daily cool bath - add oil, salt and bleach Oral Vitamin D Moisturising cream 2-3 times a day - QV Flares: Pimecrolimus, stronger steroid for the body, hydrocortisone for face Tar for licheninifcation ANtibiotics or antivirals if secondary Intranasal bactroban if nasal swabs positive Wet dressings and cool compresses

Autism

1 - SE reciprocity, Nonverbal, developing relationships 2. 2/4 of Sterotyped, insistence on sameness, fixated interestes, hyper/hypo sensory Some NIGGAS Develop Some Insistence for hyper

High yield Flashcards

(88 cards)