1
Q
Four basic types of tissues
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
2
Q
A tissue composed of closely aggregated polyhedral cells
A
Epithelial Tissue
3
Q
Three Functions of Epithelial Tissue
A
Covering, lining, and protecting
Absorption
Secretion
4
Q
Single layer of flat thin cells often found where diffusion or filtrations takes place; FORMS THE SEROSA
A
Simple Squamous
5
Q
Examples of Simple Squamous
A
Alveoli of lungs
Endothelium
Mesothelium
Bowman’s capsule
Loop of Henle
6
Q
Single layer OF CUBE SHAPED CELLS that carry out active transport; COVERING AND SECRETION
A
Simple Cuboidal
7
Q
Examples of Simple Cuboidal
A
Ovarian surface
Rete testis
Kidney tubules (PCT, DCT)
Small ducts of exocrine glands
8
Q
Single layer of tall, narrow cells; contains GOBLET CELLS, which produces mucus for lubrication; PROTECTION, LUBRICATION, ABSORPTION, AND SECRETION
A
SImple Columnar
9
Q
Examples of SImple Columnar
A
Lining of the intestine from stomach to anus
Gallbladder
Endocervix
10
Q
Single layer of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattended toward the surface; NUCLEI ARE AT DIFFERENT LEVELS AND APPEAAR STRATIFIED
A
Pseudostratified columnar
11
Q
Examples of Pseudostratified columnar
A
Lining of nasal cavity and nasal sinuses
TRACHEA
12
Q
Multiple layers of cells that are flat thin cells; GOOD DEAL OF ABUSE OR FRICTION
A
Stratified Squamous
13
Q
Examples of stratified squamous
A
Skin
mouth
epiglottis
esophagus
vagina
vulva
glans penis
cornea
14
Q
Major cells in epidermis
A
Keratinocytes
15
Q
Stain that is keratinophilic
A
OG-6
16
Q
Multiple layers of cuboidal shaped cells
A
Stratified cuboidal
17
Q
Examples of Stratified cuboidal
A
Sweat gland ducts
Ovarian follicles
18
Q
Multiple layers of tall, thin cells
A
Stratified columnar
19
Q
Examples of stratified columnar
A
Mammary gland ducts
larynx
Conjunctiva
20
Q
ACCOMODATES fluctuations in the volume of fluid; STRETCHABLE; highly modified, cuboidal when not stretched; squamous when stretched by fluid
A
Transitional epithelium/Urothelium
21
Q
Example of urothelium
A
Lining of the urinary bladder
22
Q
Ductless glands; secretions (hormones) diffuse directly into the blood
A
Endocrine glands
23
Q
Examples of endocrine glands
A
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas (Islet of Langerhans)
24
Q
With ducts to the epithelial surface
A
Exocrine glands
25
Examples of Exocrine gland
Salivary, sweat, and oil glands
Pacreas (acinar tissue)
26
Provides a matrix that supports and physically connects other tissues and cells together; MOST ABUNDANT TISSUE
Connective tissue
27
Major constituent of connective tissue
Extracellular matrix
28
Embryonic tissue where all connective tissue originates
Mesenchyme
29
Key cells in connective tissue; MOST COMMON CELLS in the connective tissue proper
Fibroblasts
30
Fat cells
Adipocytes
31
Most abundant fiber
Collagenous fiber
32
Stain of collagenous fiber
Van Gieson stain
33
stain for Reticular fibers
Silver stains (ARGYROPHILIC)
34
Stain for elastic fiber
Orcein
35
Most widely distributed connective tissue; universal packing tissue; GLUE
Areolar
36
Abundance of closely packed fibers
Dense CT
37
Less commonly encountered CT; found in embryonic specimens; umbilical cord as WHARTON's jelly
Myxoid CT
38
Thermal insulator, cushon, protecting organs CT
Adipose
39
Fairly dense network of collagenic fibers
Cartilage
40
Most abundant type of cartilage; temporary skeleton for fetus; covers at the end of the bones
Hyaline (clear or glassy) cartilage
41
Resists pulling and tearing forces
Fibrocartilage
42
Hyaline cartilage location
Nasal septum
larynx
tracheal rings
sternal ends of the ribs
43
Location of fibrocartilage
INVERTEBRAL DISCS
Pubic symphasis
Joint capsules
Ligaments
44
enable to recoil to original shape when bent
Elastic cartilage
45
Elastic cartilages are found in
External ear
Epiglottis
laryngeal cartilages
Walls of Eustachain tubes
46
Highly specialzed to contract or shorten to produce movement
Muscular tissue
47
Voluntary muscle, cross striation; large, elongated multinucleated cells
Skeletal muscle
48
Involuntary muscle, spontaenously contractile, autonomic modulation; cross striations; elongated branching cells joined by intercalated discs
Cardiac muscle
49
Fixative for Intercalated discs
Helly's / Zenker Formol
50
Fusiform shape, involuntary, autonomic innervation; no striations
Smooth muscle
51
Muscular tissue present in uterus
Smooth muscle
52
Irritability and conductivity
Nervous tissue
53
Stain for neurons, axons, and neurofibrils (color: BLACK)
Bielchowsky's technique
54
Stain for Myelin (BLUE)
Luxol fast blue
55
FATHER of Modern Pathology
Rudolf Virchow
56
Four aspects of Pathology
Etiology or Cause
Pathogenesis
Morphologic changes
Functional Derangements and Clinical Manifestations
57
Organs or tissues are SMALLER than normal
Retrogressive Changes
58
Incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ, REPRESENTED ONLY BY A MASS OF FATTY or fibrous tissue
Aplasia
59
Complete NON-APPEARANCE of the organ
Agenesia
60
FAILURE of an organ to reach or achieve its full mature or adult size
Hypoplasia
61
Failure of an organ to form an opening
Atresia
62
Acquired decrease in size----reduction in cell size or decrease in total number of cells or both
Atrophy
63
natural cosequence of aging/maturation ; NORMAL
Physiologic atrophy
64
Consequence of disease
Pathologyc atrophy
65
Organs/tissues are LARGER than normal
Progressive changes
66
Increase in size of tissues/ organs due to INCREASE in the SIZE of INDIVIDUAL cells
Hypertrophy
67
Increase in size of an organ or tissue due to INCREASE in the NUMBER of cells resulting from growth of new cells
Hyperplasia
68
Changes due to aberrations of cellular growth
Degenerative changes
69
A classic example of pathologic hypertrophy
Hypertension
70
Replacement of one type of cell with another type of cell; ADAPTATION to chronic injury; REVERSIBLE
Metaplasia
71
"Disordered growth"; variation in size, shape, and orientation; premalignant change; REVERSIBLE
Dysplasia
72
marked regressive change in adult cells towards amore primitive or embryonic cell type; IRREVERSIBLE; utilized as a criterion toward malignancy
Anaplasia
73
Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control; IRREVERSIBLE
Neoplasia (TUMOR)
74
denture-induced HYPERPLASIA
Ill-fitting dentures
75
Fast (minuets or hours); Neutrophils; usually mild and self-limited; PROMINENT local and systemic signs
Acute Inflammation
76
Slow (Days); Mononuclear cells (macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma cells); Often severe and progresssive; LESS local and systemic signs
Chronic Inflammation
77
exudate: WATERY, low-protein fluid
Serous Inflammation
78
Exudate: large amounts of FIBRINOGEN and precipitation of fibrin masses
Fibrinous inflammation
79
exudate: admicture of blood
Hemorrhagic inflammation
80
EXUDATE: large amount of PUS or PURULENT exudates
Purulent/Suppurative Inflammation
81
Exudate: Hypersecretion of mucosa (MUCUS is the main component)
Catarrhal Inflammation
82
Form of chronic inflammation characterized by COLLECTIONS OF ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES, often with T cells and sometimes ass with Central necrosis; Granuloma formation - difficult to eradicate
Granulomatous Inflammation
83
Caseating Granuloma
Tuberculosis
84
Non-caseating granuloma
Leprosy
85
Rounded or stellate granuloma
Cat-scratch dse
86
A local defect, or EXCAVATION, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tisse
Ulcers
87
Stain for H. pylori
Toluidine blue
88
"healing"; restoration of tissue architecture and function aftern an injury
Tissue Repair
89
occurs when cell are stressed >>>>no longer able to adapt
Cell Injury
90
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
91
In nuclear changes in necrosis - it is the reduction in size and condensation of nuclear material
Pyknosis
92
In nuclear changes in necrosis - segmentation and fragmentation of nucleus
Karyorrhexis
93
In nuclear changes in necrosis - dissolution of the nucleus >> basophilism is lost and the nucleus disappears
Karyolysis
94
Rapid coagulation of cytoplasm >>> anemic or ischemic infarction >>> hallmark of this type of necrosis is the conversion of normal cells into TOMBSTONES
Coagulative Necrosis
95
NECROSIS: Rapid total enzymatic dissolution of cells >> solid tissue transformed into a liquid viscous mass; BRAIN
Liquifactive Necrosis
96
NECROSIS: peculiar destruction of adipose tissue; PANCREAS
Fat necrosis
97
Means "new growth" and a new growth is called a neoplasm
Neoplasia
98
NECROSIS: involves the whole or greater part of the organ; GANGRENE
Massive necrosis
99
NECROSIS: confined to a specific organ or a particular structure
Focal necrosis
100
NECROSIS: Cell death produced by the tubercle bacillus; Looks like CHEESE
Caseous Necrosis
101
NECROSIS: massive death or necrosis caused by combination of ischemia and superimposed bacterial infection
Gangrenous Necrosis
102
Asbestos
Lung Cancer
103
Do not produce death; remain localized, will not spread to other sites >>>local surgical removal
Benign Tumor
104
Will produce death >>> cancers that are capable of invading and destroying adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize)
Malignant Tumor
105
CANCER; parenchyma > stroma; soft and very malignant
Medullary
106
Stony and hard; Stroma > Parenchyma
Scirrhous
107
Benign epithelial neoplasms; fingerlike or warty projections
Papilloma
108
Benign tumors arising from glands
Adenoma
109
Malignant tumor of epithelial origin
Carcinoma
110
Malignant tumor of connective tissue (mesenchymal) origin
Sarcoma
111
Three PRIMARY SIGNS/CHANGES of death
Circulatory, Respiratory, Nervous Failure
112
Implies to immediate death; absence of pulse rate and heart beat
Circulatory failure
113
leads to death due to absence of oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide
Respiratory failure
114
Loss of coordination; loss of reflexes; brain dead
Nervous failure
115
Secondary changes/signs of death
Algor mortis; Rigor mortis; Livor of death; Post-mortem clot; Dessication; Putrefaction; Autolysis
116
1st demonstratable change observed; coolness of death;definite rate of about 7F per hour; established the approximate time of death
Algor Mortis
117
Rigidity or stiffness of muscle; stiffness of death; occurs about 6 to 12 hours after death, persists for 3 to 4 days; deposition of calcium
Rigor Mortis
118
Purplish discoloration; color of death
Livor Mortis
119
Immediately after death, rubbery
Post-Mortem clot
120
Drying and wrinkling of the cornea
Dessication
121
production fo foul-smelling gases; due to cadaverine; odor of cadaver
Putrefaction
122
Self-digestion of cells
Autolysis
123
rigidity or stiffening; stiffness of death; about 6 to 12 hours after death; persists for 3 to 4 days; deposition of calcium
Rigor Mortis
124
Immediately after death, rubbery
Post-mortem clot
125
Purplish discoloration; color of death
Livor mortis
126
Drying and wrinkling of the cornea
Dessication
127
Foul smelling gases; due to cadaverine; odor of death
Putrefaction
128
Self-digestion of cells
Autolysis
129
First demonstratable change observed; coolness of death; definite rate of about 7F per hour; approximate time of death
Algor mortis
130
used by the histotechnologist to view slides for QUALITY CONTROL
Microscope
131
Simplest microtome; cutting serial sections of large block of paraffin (4-6 micra) embedded tissues; Paldwell Trefall (1881)
Rocking (Cambridge) Microtome
132
Cutting paraffin embedded tissues; microtome in cryostat; most common type used for both routine and research lab (Minot 1885 - 1886)
Rotary (Minot) Microtome
133
for cutting celloidin (10 - 15 mcira); most dangerous tyoe
Sliding microtome
134
For cutting unembedded frozen (10 sections
135
To cut semithin section;
135
To cut ultrathin; 500 to 1200 Amstrong or 50 to 120 nm
Diamond Knives
136
For electron microscopy; tissues are embedded in plastic resins
137
25 mm length; for base sledge, rotary and rocking microtome
Plane Concave
138
For cutting paraffin (4-6 micra) emebedded tissues; simplest microtome; Paldwell trefall (1881)
Rocking (cambridge) microtome
139
For cutting paraffin embedded sections; microtome in CRYOSTAT; MOST COMMON TYPE (Minot 1885 - 1886)
Rotary (Minot) Microtome
140
For cutting celloidin(10-15 micra) embedded sections; most dangerous type
Sliding microtome
141
For cutting unembedded frozen (10 micrometers) sections; (Queckett)
Freezing Microtome
142
to cut semithin section ; 0.5 to 1 um
Glass Knives
143
For electron microscopy; tissues are embedded in plastic resins
Ultrathin Microtome
144
To cut ultrathin section; 500 to 1200 Armstrong or 50 to 120 nm
Diamond Knives
145
145
For cutting celloidin (10-15 micra); most dangerous type
Sliding Microtome
LEMAR
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