History 2.3 Flashcards

Question

What did government do to help people?

Answer 1

At the beginning of the 20th century, governments took steps to offer a better quality of life to citizens in urban areas.

Answer 2

These measures became ever more urgent with increasing urbanization during this second phase of industrialization. Starting in the 1910s, most of the Québec population lived in cities. Cities where lacking services and infrastrictures

Answer 3

The lack of services and infrastructure in high-density neighbourhoods created conditions that were ideal breeding grounds for disease(cholera, smallpox and diphtheria)

Answer 4

Many denounced this situation, particularly reformist associations.

Answer 5

They invested in garbage collection and the construction of urban infrastructure, such as sewers and aqueducts. In overpopulated working-class neighbourhoods, child mortality continued to be a widespread problem In Montréal, nearly ¼ Children died before the age of one. In addition to epidemics, a major cause of child mortality was the poor quality of the water and unpasteurized milk they ingested.

Answer 6

a water chlorination(the action of purifying water by adding chlorine) and filtration system clinics called Goutte de lait (milk stations), which distributed quality milk and information on public hygiene Municipalities also sought ways to make urban life more pleasant. They developed parks in order to provide access to green space. The gradual electrification of cities brought electricity to residents’ homes, and enabled the delivery of new public services, such as street lighting and tramways.

Answer 7

In the first decades of the 20th century, Quebec’s education system was severely lacking. The most significant was the low level of schooling among Francophones compared with that of Anglophones. Most Francophone youth, both boys and girls, did not complete elementary school or stopped at 12. To make a living, most of them had no choice but to work on farms or in factories.

Answer 8

A bill on mandatory school attendance was proposed in 1901 by the Québec Liberal government. However, it was rejected because of pressure from the Church, which saw the bill as a threat to its role in education. The debate on mandatory schooling continued throughout the decades that followed, but did not result in any legislation. Nevertheless, certain education-related measures were adopted.

Answer 9

In the early 1900s, some changes were made to education such as the opening of new schools and the extension of elementary school from four to six years. CHECK IF I NEED TO ADD MORE HERE

Answer 10

1902: Marie Lacoste Gérin-Lajoie, a feminist writing wrote, A Treatise on Everyday Law - wanted to raise women’s awareness to their inferior legal status to men 1907: Gerin-Lajoie and Caroline Beique founded the first French Canadian reformist association, the Federation nationale Saint-Jean-Baptiste.

Answer 11

The initial goal of this association was to improve the living conditions of the least fortunate, particularly those of women and children. Nevertheless, female activists in the organization gradually started to add a political dimension to their demands, as their Anglophone counterparts had done at the end of the 19th century. They demanded changes from the government.

Answer 12

They joined forces with other feminist groups, such as the Montreal Suffrage Association, chaired by Carrie Derick.

Answer 13

Marie Lacoste Gérin-Lajoie believed in the importance of education for girls. With the goal of providing them with schooling that would prepare them for university studies, in 1908 she became involved in founding the very first classical college for girls, the École d’enseignement supérieur. A second college was opened in Sillery, in 1925.

Answer 14

Despite this progress, Francophone women continued to be virtually absent from Francophone universities for several decades to come.

Answer 15

Women’s organizations clashed with the political and intellectual class, the clergy and traditionalist women.

Answer 16

Starting in the 1920s, some women wore their hair short and started to wear pants or accessories that had previously been reserved for men. For some women, these practices were a way to assert their feminism.

Answer 17

In Canada, as in Québec, many feminists, or suffragettes(a woman who fights for suffrage), demanded the right to vote.

Answer 18

In Québec, in particular, they faced strong opposition(especially because of the opposition of the Catholic Church)

Answer 19

For the Catholic Church, politics was reserved for men only. They worried that women would adopt political positions that were contrary to those of their husbands or men in general. Consequently, they believed that granting women the right to vote was a threat to the social order and family.

Answer 20

Despite this opposition, women won the right to vote federally in 1918. In Québec, Idola Saint-Jean fought for women’s right to vote for many years. However, resistance was such that it took more than two decades for women in Québec to be granted this right.(1940)

Answer 21

The labour market offered few interesting job opportunities for women. Furthermore, at the end of the 19th century, jobs available to women were limited: factory worker, domestic servant, hairdresser, nurse, teacher. When women had access to office jobs, they mostly performed secretarial duties.

Answer 22

According to the dominant mentality at the time, women’s place was in the home, and women’s role did not include providing financially for the family. Women’s jobs were considered less important and were less well paid. As a result, women faced wage discrimination: in 1931, women’s average wage was 56% of men’s average wage.

Answer 23

Feminists fought for women to have genuine access to careers traditionally reserved for men, for instance, as lawyers, notaries, accountants or doctors.

History 2.3 Flashcards

(47 cards)