1
Q
How did France and Belgium react to Germany’s inability to pay the reparations?
(3 parts)
A
- French and Belgian troops march into the Ruhr
- German workers carry out “passive resistance”
- Economy came to a halt
2
Q
Cause and effect of hyper inflation
A
Cause : Weimar gov printed more money to pay reparations
Effect : Prices rose out of control -> German mark and peoples savings became worthless -> poverty and starvation
3
Q
Why was the Weimar Republic unpopular? (3 Egs)
A
- They had signed the TOV which was seen as humiliating and accepting defeat. (Germans thought they could have won the war)
- Lost important areas of land which could make money like the Saar coalfields due to TOV
- Seen as “November Criminals” and backstabbing the army
4
Q
Stressmann’s economic solutions
4 Egs
A
- Introduced Rentenmark
- Dawes plan - US lend 800 million marks + more flexible payment timeframe
- Young plan - Reduce reparations amount by over 30%
- Called off passive resistance in the Ruhr
5
Q
Stressmann’s foreign policy
3 Egs
A
- Locarno treaties - Germany to respect boundaries imposed by TOV, Fr to withdraw from the Ruhr
- Germany part of LON (permanent member)
- Kellog-Briand Pact - 64 nations agree to solve disputes peacefully
6
Q
(1920s) How did Germany enter the ‘Golden Age’ (3 Egs)
A
- Young Plan - reduced reparations amount by over 67%
- Industrial productions increased, Germany became one of the leading exporters of manufacturing goods by 1930
- Factories, public facilities, homes built
7
Q
Drawbacks under Stresemann (4 Egs)
A
- Germany more dependent on American Loans
- More imports than exports, trading at a loss
- Nationalists disliked Germany joining LON
- Communism rose in power, from 45 seats (1924) to 54 seats in the Reichstag (1928)
8
Q
Fall of Weimar due to the weakness of the new constitution
3 Egs
A
- Encouraged many small parties, difficult to get a majority vote, resulting in coalitions where parties merged together, leading to weak governments
- President had too much power, he could abandon democracy and rule by degree
- Generals and judges formally served the Kaiser, against the Weimar Republic
9
Q
Define: Great depression
Specific chain of events
A
Wall street crashed—–>American banks withdrew loans—–>German companies unable to pay back—->Close down + loss of jobs
10
Q
Impact of great depression in Germany
5 Egs
A
- Unemployment rose to 30%, led to poverty and starvation
- Less output, less workers needed
- Demand for German goods fell
- Chancellor Bruning, nicknamed “hunger chancellor” reduced salaries of civil servants and cut back on unemployment benefits
- Germans unhappy with the incapable Weimar Govt, look to extremist Nazi and communist parties
11
Q
Hitler’s Party Organization (3 Egs)
A
- Created a youth movement
- Set up branches of the Nazi Party in different parts of Germany
- Arranged large public meetings to attract new members
12
Q
How did Hitler exploit the fear of communism to gain support?
(3 Egs)
A
- Increase in votes for communist party from 1928 to 1932, from 11% to 17%
- The Great depression showed that capitalism was not working and Germany should switch to communism
- Used propaganda to spread fear of communism, gaining the financial support of the rich, allowing him to build his own personal army (SA) and carry out his propaganda campaign
- Hitler’s SA publicly marching in their brown uniforms made them seem powerful and capable of handling the communist threat
13
Q
Hitler’s Charisma (5 Egs)
A
- Seemed to understand the German’s problems
- Arrived late to speeches, starting off soft but build up towards a furious and passionate finish
- Promised to unite Germany and abolish TOV
- Offered simple solutions to complex problems
- Blamed the Allies, Weimar and Jews for Germany’s problems
14
Q
How did Hitler use Propaganda? (DURING rise to power) (3 Egs)
A
- SA march and performed drills in their brown uniforms. Made the Nazi Party seem strong and able to handle the communist threat
- Offer “Bread and Work” to appeal to the unemployed
- Radio Speeches, colorful posters and exciting rallies stirred the crowds to support him
15
Q
Why did Hindenburg appoint Hitler as Chancellor? (political) (4 Egs)
A
- Hindenburg appointed Von Papen as chancellor at first but he was rejected by the Reichstag
- Hitler refused to join any coalition unless he was chancellor
- It was thought than putting Von Papen as Vice-Chancellor was enough to control Hitler, limiting his influence
- Hitler as the chancellor would eliminate the communist threat and keep the government non-communist
16
Q
Define: Rise to Power
specific chain of events
A
Hitler’s popularity rose—–>Hindenburg gave him position of chancellor
17
Q
How did the Reichstag Fire benefit Hitler? (4 parts)
A
- The communist Van Der Lubbe arrested for the crime
- Nazi’s blamed the communists for causing the fire
- Hitler attained emergency powers, restricting personal liberty, could arrest without trial
- Used his power to imprison the communist opposition
18
Q
Why did Hitler turn on his SA? (Night Of The Long Knives) (3 Egs)
A
- SA wanted a more socialist Germany which Hitler was opposed to since this would lose him the support of the rich industrialists
- The leader, Ernst Rohm, was powerful, seen as a threat to Hitler’s leadership
- German Army saw SA as rivals, promised to pledge loyalty to Hitler only if SA was disbanded. (Allow him to become the Fuhrer)
19
Q
How did the Enabling Act benefit Hitler? (3 Egs)
A
- Give him the right to pass laws for the next 4 years without consulting the Reichstag
- The Nazi’s still did not have overall majority (solved this problem)
- Become one-party state/ establish dictatorship/no opposition to polices
20
Q
How did Hitler gain political control through his one party state/after the enabling act? (4 Egs)
A
- Passed new laws that banned all other political parties
- Top jobs in the police force and courts given to high-ranking Nazi’s
- SS and Gestapo enforced obedience using fear and terror
- Opposition such as liberals, socialists, communists often arrested or sent to concentration camps without trial (also fear and terror)
21
Q
How did Hitler use propaganda? (AFTER rise to power) (5 Egs)
A
- All newspapers were censored
- Cheap radios manufactured so must Germans could afford one and listen to propaganda
- Controlled the film industry, often glorified German heroes, show Jews as weak and devious
- Organized Nuremburg Rallies, where Nazi supporters listened to choirs, sang songs etc.
- Berlin Olympics used to show physical superiority of the Aryan race
22
Q
How did Hitler control Education? (4 Egs)
A
- Teachers had to teach Nazi curriculum or be sent to concentration camps
- School textbooks rewritten to support Nazi Ideas and history
- History used to glorify German Heroes and blame the Jews for Germany’s problems
- Biology used to teach that the Aryan race was superior
23
Q
How did Hitler control religion? (4 Egs)
A
- Signed an agreement with the Catholic Church to not interfere with each other.
- Fearing the wide influence of Christian churches, Hitler closed down a number of church organizations anyway
- Set-up the Reich Church, preached Nazi Values while banning the bible, crosses and other religious symbols
- Sent thousands of nuns and priests who criticized him to concentration camps
24
Q
How did Hitler mistreat the Jews? (5 Egs)
A
- Boycotted all Jewish businesses, marking them with the star of David
- Introduced Nuremburg Laws stating -Jews could longer be German Citizens - Marriages between Aryan and Jew were forbidden
- Night of broken glass (1938), German diplomat shot by polish Jew, Hitler reacted by burning down 200 synagogues and attacking thousands of Jewish businesses
- Proposed “The Final Plan” (Holocaust) to kill all Jews through gas chambers, executions or be worked to death. Killed roughly 6 million Jews.
- Many concentration camps such as Auschwitz, where Jews were sent to be worked to death or gassed
25
Hitler's discrimination against minority groups (5 Egs)
1. Persecuted prostitutes, criminals, homosexuals ect
2. Also transported them to concentration camps to be worked to death or killed
3. Handicapped babies injected with poison
4. The mentally handicapped were starved to death
5. 300 000 people with hereditary illnesses forced to be sterilized
26
How did Hitler solve unemployment? (5 Egs)
1. Government projects such as building highways created many jobs
2. Created the National Labor Service that employed jobless people
3. Civil Service Expanded to provide thousands of admirative jobs
4. Reintroduced conscription, increased the army to 1.4 million men
5. Efforts toward rearmament increased demand of weapons, causing factories to employ more workers
27
Show that Germany's economy improved under Hitler (4 Egs)
1. Rearmament profited big businesses because of increased demands
2. Coal, steel, chemical and transport sectors won large contracts to provide military supplies
3. Workers were disciplined, no longer participated in communist trade unions
4. Hjalmar Schacht engineered the 4 year plan, aimed at achieving Autarky (self-sufficiency)
28
Show that Germany's economy DID NOT improve under Hitler (5 egs)
1. Statistics were exaggerated, economy remained weak
2. New jobs were available only because women and Jews were removed from their jobs
3. Small businesses did not benefit from rearmament
(Failed to achieve autarky)
4. Failed to develop viable oil and rubber industries
5. Spent more money on imports than money earned form exports, trading at a loss
6. Was still importing more than one-third of raw materials
29
How did Hitler change the role of women? (5 Egs)
1. Confined them to roles of mother and spouse only
2. Excluded them from politics and academics
3. Young German women to undergo training in domestic tasks through farming and sports
4. No female members in the Reichstag after 1933 elections
5. All women's associations banned
30
How did Hitler brainwash the youths? (5 Egs)
1. Special Nazi Youth organizations set up for different age groups
2. All boys and girls had to join these Nazi controlled Leagues such as Pimpf, Hitler youth etc.
3. Main activities of hiking, camping and learning sessions based on Hitler's ideas
4. Boys went through programs focused on physical and military training through outdoor activates like running and camping
5. Girls learnt how to be good mothers and wives
31
How did Hitler maintain the support of the workers? (3 Egs)
1. Provided holidays and activities to control their leisure time
2. 'Strength through Joy', providing cheap cinema tickets, organizing courses and sporting events.
3. 'Beauty of Labor, set up to improve working conditions. Washing facilities and cheap canteens were implemented
32
How did Hitler gain control over the workers? (5 egs)
1. Workers forced to join the German Work Front
2. No longer allowed to go on strike and bargain for pay raises or better conditions
3. All workers given workbooks in which employers made comments about them
4. Needed the government's permission to leave their jobs
5. Conducted a wage freeze in 1935
33
Hitler gained economic control by turning on trade unions (5 egs)
1. Hitler sent his SA and SS to occupy trade union premises
2. Union funds were confiscated
3. Union leaders were arrested and sent to concentration camps such as Dachau
4. All workers had to be part of the German Labour Front instead
5. Workers lost their right to negotiate wages and working conditions
