HNA - Tounge

Question 1

What type of organ is the tongue?

Answer 1

A muscular organ.

Question 2

What are the two parts of the tongue?

Answer 2

Oral (anterior 2/3, movable)

Pharyngeal (posterior 1/3, non-movable)

Question 3

What structure separates the oral and pharyngeal parts of the tongue?

Answer 3

The sulcus terminalis

Question 4

What are the main functions of the tongue?

Answer 4

Taste, speech, mastication, deglutition (swallowing), digestion.

Question 5

What divides the tongue into left and right halves?

Answer 5

The midline septum.

Question 6

Where are papillae located?

Answer 6

Only on the oral (anterior 2/3) part of the tongue.

Question 7

What are the four types of papillae and their features?

Answer 7

Filiform → Small, cone-shaped, very numerous, no taste buds

Fungiform → Round, larger, scattered, contain taste buds

Vallate (circumvallate) → Largest, cylindrical, 8–12 arranged in V-shape near sulcus terminalis, contain taste buds

Foliate → Along lateral mucosa, taste buds present but vestigial in humans

Question 8

Are papillae found on the pharyngeal part of the tongue?

Answer 8

No.

Question 9

What do taste buds contain?

Answer 9

Taste cells with microvilli (gustatory hairs)

Question 10

Where do axons from taste cells project?

Answer 10

To the gustatory cortex in the parietal lobe.

Question 11

What are the implications of loss of taste sensation?

Answer 11

Decreased appetite, reduced food intake, and weight loss.

Question 12

What epithelium covers the oral (dorsal) part of the tongue?

Answer 12

Parakeratinised stratified squamous epithelium (immature form of orthokeratinised).

Question 13

What epithelium covers the ventral surface and pharyngeal part of the tongue?

Answer 13

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 14

What do parakeratinised cells contain that distinguishes them from orthokeratinised cells?

Answer 14

Both keratin and a nucleus.

Question 15

Which extrinsic tongue muscles depress the tongue?

Answer 15

Genioglossus and Hyoglossus.

Question 16

Which extrinsic muscle protracts the tongue?

Answer 16

Genioglossus.

Question 17

Which extrinsic muscles elevate the tongue?

Answer 17

Styloglossus and Palatoglossus.

Question 18

Which extrinsic muscle retracts the tongue?

Answer 18

Styloglossus.

Question 19

Which intrinsic muscles shorten the tongue?

Answer 19

Superior and inferior longitudinal muscles.

Question 20

Which intrinsic muscle narrows and elongates the tongue?

Answer 20

Transverse muscle.

Question 21

Which intrinsic muscle widens and flattens the tongue?

Answer 21

Vertical muscle.

Question 22

Which intrinsic muscle curls the tongue upwards?

Answer 22

Superior longitudinal.

Question 23

Which intrinsic muscle uncurls or depresses the tip of the tongue?

Answer 23

Inferior longitudinal.