where are lipid-derived hormones derived from?
Cholesterol.
Examples of lipid-derived hormones.
Sex hormones and hormones produced in adrenal glands.
what amino acids are amino acid derivative hormones derived from?
Tyrosine and tryptophan.
What is an example of amino acid derivative hormones?
Thyroid hormone
catecholamines
What are catechoamines?
a group of closely related neurotransmitters and hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
Give an example of one small and one large peptide hormone.
Small = TSH
Large = Insulin
Describe chemical messengers derived from fatty acids (eicosanoids) and give an example.
Synthesised from a 20-carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid.
Degrade very easily.
Don’t stray very far from production site.
They are secreted from nearly every cell in the body and not just one gland.
An example is prostaglandin which has roles in inflammation and clotting.
What type of hormone are adrenaline and noradrenaline?
Amino acid derived hormone.
What structure connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
What are the 3 main structures in the anterior pituitary?
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia
Pars distalis
What are the 2 main parts of the posterior pituitary?
Infindibular stalk
Pars nervosa.
What does Growth hormone releasing hormone do and where is it released from?
Stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete growth hormone.
Released from the hypothalamus.
What does somatostatin do and where is it released from?
Inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland.
Released from the hypothalamus.
which part of the pituitary gland secretes GH?
The anterior pituitary.
Where is IGF-1 secreted from?
The liver
What is the clinical importance of IGF-1?
plasma levels of IGF-1 are helpful in diagnosis of growth hormone abnormalities. GH has a pulsatile secretion so levels in the blood are hard to measure.
Eg - Too little secretion of GH - IGF-1 will be low.
What does prolactin do?
What stimulates and inhibits its production?
Where is it secreted from?
Stimulates breasts to produce milk.
TRH from hypothalamus can increase prolactin secretion. Dopamine can inhibit prolactin secretion.
Secreted from anterior pituitary.
Starting from the hypothalamus, describe how cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands.
CRH released from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH to be released from the anterior pituitary gland.
ACTH acts on the adrenal glands which causes the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol.
What is the function of the isthmus in the thyroid gland?
Connects the right and left lobe together.
Starting from the hypothalamus, describe how the thyroid gland releases hormones.
Hypothalamus releases TRH. This stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release TSH.
TSH acts on thyroid tissue meaning the thyroid tissue releases T4 and T3.
This increases metabolism.
Describe how estrogen and progesterone are produced from the ovaries.
GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing hormone) released from the hypothalamus acts on the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH which act on ovaries. Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
2 hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary.
Oxytocin and vasopressin.
What is the function of the pineal gland?
The pineal gland’s primary role is to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate the body’s circadian rhythms
What does Calcitonin do and where is it released from?
Calcitonin helps to lower blood calcium levels when they become too high.
Produced by the thyroid gland.
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Anatomy - Bones and joints40
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Anatomy terminology6
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Anatomy - The nervous system30
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Anatomy - endocrine organs15
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How cells work53
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Cells 2 - Foundation block59
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Cell communication28
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Science and technology22
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Muscles, motor and movement5
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Introduction to the skin23
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Haematopoietic system.40
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Hormone action25
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Embryology82
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Immune system47
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Biological threats to the body16
