hormones

Question 1

what is adrenaline

Answer 1

a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in times of stress that will prepare the body for emergency

Question 2

what is the second messenger model

Answer 2

the way a non lipid soluble hormone acts on the cell, by triggering production of intermediary messengers

Question 3

how does the activation of glycogenolysis occur with glucagon

Answer 3

• glucagon binds to liver cell membrane receptors
• G protein is activated which activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase by changing its shape.
• active adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
• cAMP is the secondary messenger which stimulates the protein kinase
• protein kinase enzyme activates a cascade which will catalyse the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 4

how is glycogenolysis stimulated with adrenaline

Answer 4

• adrenaline won’t bind to the same receptors as glucagon. but still does
• this causes adenylyl cyclase to change shape and become activated.
  active adenylyl cyclase catalyses the conversion of ATP to cAMP which is the second messenger.
• cAMP will stimulate protein kinases
• ## protein kinase enzymes activate a cascade which catalyses the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 5

what does adrenaline inhibit

Answer 5

glycogenesis

Question 6

what are four other actions of adrenaline to increase blood glucose

Answer 6

• stimulates the breakdown of glycogen stores in muscles during exercise
• activates glucagon and inhibits insulin
• • ## secreted in low blood glucose concentrations

Question 7

what is the function of ADH

Answer 7

if a low water potential is detected more of this hormone is released. it makes the walls of the DCT and collecting duct more permeable to water meaning less water will leave via excretion

Question 8

how does adh actually work - what is the mechanism

Answer 8

• ADH binds to the receptors and causes a chain reaction of enzyme controlled reactions inside the cell- using the second messsenger model.
  the cascade causes the the vesicles containg the aquaporins to move and fuse with the membrane - this makes the membrane of cells lining the collect duct more permeable to water

Question 9

where is ADH released from

Answer 9

pituitary gland

Question 10

what is diabetes mellitus

Answer 10

a condition where blood glucose concentration cannot be controlled properly

Question 11

whta is type 1 diabetes

Answer 11

where the body doesnt produce enough insulin

Question 12

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 12

where the body does not respond to insulin

Question 13

what is hyperglycaemia

Answer 13

where blood sugar levels are super high

Question 14

what is hypoglycaemia

Answer 14

where blood sugar levels are too low after too much insulin